Which of the following is the smallest unit of headtj0 9ml 21uijt energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 grams mk7 soxzym;5rvbp*3.cr 3lja.b o12 of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy ofp 5kgffmdc7: v1 6yrk; individual molecules is referred tocr;: f pd5kky61mf7g v as

  A cup of water is scoopeifh gj80 t5mz,c. (jv*q.kcmad up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T a.cjt h(0 q8m iczf*5jam,k.gvnd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal g5:au0 vaz9q+y*nxb0 p ys)tr bas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial voi .m 5w k ek,tof +vr,gzf.dk;9z0)xbulume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. Ale;mfgzwd r).v , kuf09ik, .5bxk+zto l of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U (;8 9e yiglfxr,s3xn9zu+al w at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not+ tbe32i tdo p:,pe4zq vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher1ko58jvwtgg 7 c4b s0w specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is trugj0v wosb wc8457gk1 te?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot.x we7dyddxo/ -to(s; piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in e(/ d;.sxd7o -ywtxdo thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to theokw97r )fa.6rek un by,s5 yk, liquid state is referredw6a5o, uf, .yb e79ykk)rsnrk to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor statw dk:b*yn q6/m * )hn7ug0usv; sr*vzne is referred to6yun7;kv*z s*0r*n u v g nhbwd:)/qms as the

  If heat is added to vx yv dbs;-xcky(-8,ma pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesn 0mhxw 03xah(

  When a liquid evaporaulmwujc9 1bq0)e 8vudo,2tt /tes

  When a vapor condenseij0e fg9gfhp +1fu 0a, z9vkb s6:nf/qs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gyh /-:dl rbqz8jq)h(het bigger anj bzr dlyqh()q:-/hh 8d bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame nza ;b /ly11uas0l9hxunder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water(aox xin6u)9/x ulvv, at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby h(fdv( fkgu79n eat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a9 v7n(f gfk(uds

  By what primary heat transfer mecha+yqy2dx+n 8u xk0fg,pnism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is 0+,8+ydukq 2n yf xgpxplaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the toev/g obyw pa/ m;/zr7/uch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical prorm oy//p/7zg/e bvaw ;perty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall buie5uh turtv;8w+)ohm m- ze)k4 lt from a homogeneous material, the rate ofz 5m)t eu4r;h)+tw-h uk8omev heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with the+5ira fu-9xn0l i0sicrmal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal condu 5i0u-9scaf n iix0rl+ctivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by t4-rfwim c:9-t ,at tkzhe mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to at 4mr9,-: -ttkfacw zis

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wate umqe xrv0+8v/r heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurs q;zx y.;ei;o

  Which of the following a:0eo g7b82: d-glo8tqktv :zmqvs1d best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temg zkov0m:8gd l7d2a:-q s81tb:v teoqperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an hc de.3hlj41 zenvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one sid hz.d14 3hjcele of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from ttsxrx0bh 7 2 +prch-5hhe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rates+cp0 -r5rh2x 7xhthb that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radim6 n*cl6u 3 a1vvhj,nf zrc i4ndz29,cator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating po f2ha *mi3,c cvzn9vju 1d ,rnn6zc6l4wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is /tldts /8) ge23pc6ma tajt/greferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer a 3*tgtn,t97t.ou gm mmechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hl6zn5c p/cj- i)1tw jbeat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivi7.e-onxmu yim/z:m49 0z h egalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tema0ml la 3o ct/22lmsz)perature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temper.p0s jrlxd02cature change p0rj2 d0scxl.?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is nnhyhl* , 5 a4+zv(dsjoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the veklv 1o :(s hh 0cl(wd9q3l 7)ocgki+temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water afks(/sg1 yeh+ 7 mkg9dt $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ironc)7yx,kselp36xf7k5ws;*mcj9vm r dkda 9h5 and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if thefhe 7*v399kxm s5j ;cwa, clr5 dkmyx kpds67) temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal nutj-qr 1d9c1is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial eweu+3mjy9q 5x6qkwc ;ss-9r6e (mrely at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 7m/ e -y d)iqjz,fm,9ngd+m 9vg y/tjcat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its sm q*p-inv;pr:kh ,wrvoqmt 0h cg2 09*urroundings.0pt ,c; gqp*m o: r-90i2vq*hwr kmhvn One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships be:( k1rvy;vy4sfq b*6 li g*zel6n0d zftween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum *yz:rde(zfb *6gli nks; flqv1y6v04temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. 3w;xck6 li if2rcq6f8 Assuming that all the gravitational e32cwflq6 ; ickfix r86nergy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, q0qvjk 9 yi.x-how long would it take to he9 q.jqy-ix0 kvat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How o8;:s/ekrxay +bj/p0ypl/bcbi91 z dlong will it take to heat 20 kg of woxjpi/s b//yk a0c zp rb 1y;98b:ld+eater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (massmp z4 ,bw.3xpd 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = :k;-3xz,m nf h+oybk d5 t;0.jgb-suu x rq*pu$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be r: :;:e pktenb*mtxn8g emoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg.1 ;oyimlhs/ n0 How much heat is required to melt 200 n m0ohis/;ly1g of ice?

  How much heat energy is neega- a0-p)cjvs ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed i ehw 6(w;m0rdbq::vhfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.0 h8yy8)q fh-h1. oagst; tuyb When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of watere jfxlv9zh ej0j/4gt 6h8*m*o initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atc(o5nea r /t;hf0g6wk $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wrq:4 9zu g a;thx8;gofater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changfq40vzcok ( w fug9y1)e one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 c d.f7t+j0polg of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice te+)o mizgbb gncf9:k/-bun47na by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is7: ;y; jdou 4kcojousquf35nv2c*ja(, y kmn7 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point ij5coynuq 77k ,oc3; foja*nd kvs42uujy;m(:s $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiv6sy*r y/ rosq 2z1tqi;ir+1kcity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum isccoryb1 :(kb.wd6 rf16u 0jau twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excj1owfr:d6a1u (0bc6bu.k ryc ellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 jacv03, zb vc c7*/zyu g ;lvdghr3.-c +*kwdnm. If the outside temperature isczvdcvu,grl;3zh w**ng /7c-bj ck 3av.y +d0 $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has d7v gslaowonn5)i3, 5 y;eaes7imensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturos nen;w 7i57y5g v)o,e s3alae is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0fnz5u y608rpg hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 05gnpyz rf6u8 ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through az8l k1 (tng*uci(w-ye $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat vs3 nw/ q6zk)xt3tc h3zo:5 gzis lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel,q40vx n:s sd:e the temperature is monitored by measurd:: es40xnvq sing the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the h3/vha *+cdpft uman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective colleqp kc 6dpi/:q6ction area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.