Which of the following is the smal1:9 tg-errkvtp+ v-rslest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gramz*mwo oki6+id;.lgt fpe **f( of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecu+ 9dopjnstc hc/79 5gvles is referred to a 9h9 cgpt5dvsj7/+c ons

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare t ;rtq4jezo0. b06sxo b;3r iithe temperature T and the inte6 to;ibr4.3tsre0 b;jqx i0zo rnal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal)h*e7 rxzb di, gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initiq asefe.h6 o0frfw5 -l1*n *mqal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal q1nheqf6ra .m l-e5 owf*s* 0fenergy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inteaayb7 p5ec -y +n52dhwrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thyk5s1ifw 8js*qrgq cn .8:eg6at

  It is a well-known fact that water has e 4g.mv2ab . ec vofv(a8121q7ledofha higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermamoeeoe 4gvv l .7(2q1vcf8 1bh.f d2aal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum abo:lt 2 9osp)vnd a cold piece of copper; the aluminv :o2p)sb o9tlum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a sue.y 7x l*z6asibstance from the solid to the liquid state is refey7ei l.s *6axzrred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to thnd8f d+, .nj s7mexm1ie vapor state is referred tmf 1msixndj.8d,n7+e o as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead2mw2-ln.tc u t*1dfkc hg6k:a y rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes dbs/a. xjsy15

  When a liquid evapor.(qrca6 3pr. dzxx;gh m1l)tiates

  When a vapor condenswez0r0/i)e*q4mo wewb 7u//sr 4xhlves

  In a cloud formation, water vapor c j,gh f)xmbnk6(( (wgxondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the teh(gwnjf,( bx6m)xkg( mperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causertl 6lu8 is+-)-dydwi) qvy5ms

  Equal masses of water ujzx47 5zp* vjat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows byp3p )(k8pmfkah j(o-tj rf-4d means of molecular collisions is referred to a ok-a-k3rp dp tfpfm )hj(j48(s

  By what primary heat transfer mec rjp:xmlw6g:9i7zb n8 hanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed inbz:6wxg8m 7n9ir lp j: a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch thal7k. qme wodb,q te230n a piece of wood. Thisomlke,e qw32b0 .d7t q is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of54.k wv 6cujszt 8ds+c a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat.8 4vjscs5 uk tcz6+wd loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivit k eq i);zhnwvxxb4-3)y K is placed on a layer of anothez) kv xeh43q -i;b)xnwr material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofaea y/r-,/g,r9t wr* rvm wiwlcd1 fdf8 :e3e; molecules from one place tlt:wre 1gr/wf8 fm ryawcdr /*9;iee,v da ,3-o another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer7uqeylp 29w 5okw h/*ykj)f*x mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurjfmdmj)1t s80

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mair;5vg-0 adlttrx*hyux peot h 3s3/ sh1))y5wntaining suitable body temp y)1sr *h-xv/ htw5e0ulor;t 3a y )sxp53htdgerature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where um-avk y3hm)2i,2 iju the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the con3vkuj,ui-m2m 2ih ya)vection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials.(2 wz eet*;cpg One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maint*p;g ztwe 2c(eain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radi6p ov2/ilf:(sijm ,9s rs le:hator is doubled, by what factor does the rad2ifepj/ss6ml 9hli :r,(os:v iating power change?

  The process whereby hebj)zabl :n9ut )7r fk +*)tbtcat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the eijjgm+d p9am; m3(w5e4 tyeby 7 em1(g p;z8pEarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hu-ua e g-.twb6ow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how xy+ 7 oxl76o;lgpkw *0u z0ucph k-em) xmlp19much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tlhvt / obkos72d t ar0.97d2zqemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg z:.y/zjb(n dwfy p6 x8of water, what is the resulting temperature chan.6dxw :pfjbz /( z8ynyge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is original1o(b8 w;gsp naly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tezt gqe aa(nx .)veixqf8:.o 4/mperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding (uqqefp:0)hfzg 0qx 2 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of io x3agi dkir8).f 5ei3vjo66sron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature inci3. a6 kg 35)ojxef6osivdri8 reases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatedcve 631 n6nm1l.yhibm to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially ad0 2q+7p cundlt $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at4l uz4*cz lsx0zp() qp $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from aonh7m eo wp1ru671,p its surroundings. One obju7,ohr1p7peom1 aw6n ect has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joupcz .rm(snn3 2le attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water whicm (n3 zp.nc2srh had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara 5+)dn- yqvzwsFalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does t5zwd y+ n)qv-she water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wouldhoal2vo aei1k/3 84fo it take to he io4o1/ev8 faaok3h2 lat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat waterb so, +krwbo;5. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water f;bb,os5 w rko+rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masft :+5gs .y.e:rfayj rs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blabxn,4 hs* t/bjs5c d5bde (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed f8kk -mm1gl)qu rom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat ofh6 .bo a4r.josxh5 8g uig8-oewj1y-o fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 gsohwb.- x.5o8eg u8joor614 -y hjaig of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of mmn4 j+t2h.*jl.vgrp(r p9lzice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs 4,slty( bhmv5*)tnwr to be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of rxb;q0mi/43 b0n at vice:qf, ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initcow;bjd8ak *,3tt ies)0 nv8 eially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ati2.fnl/) uxybq+*odt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed - 6wd yqs4f.5lq/zfg rto change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requir-./rg k: 6 aib9humttjed to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chdk2mj q;; ,p0sem2v(7 teyhog ange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially yq3ojss4w64 m9/upw7)swnpt9n x uz 0at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and piythp1 .y 1ftam+4cz8cb-f hk(7o93:com vn the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melttpfayvn bto1-c4h+ 8izphfm:7m 3c.y9oc1k ( ing point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrek 0yfi;y tv(8fte is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conducti; 9 tx)x)d +o8chkfzcovity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The fre;z)8oxfc9+x ohd) ktce end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m 6)hm6p nangh0) s(rgdby 1.5 m. If the outside temperhham0 6n) gprsg()6dnature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tru;d(tkr )8eu7dw 9 m j3mapl,em( pd)7l9;8redma3kr, mtjwu uperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throug;k7x)7* gnfsbapu: f vh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (n 7:fxksu7*;gvb )paf $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thr lt8 eviiq04q*ough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature isx3k+l5+ j gvzf 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refiningenmuk2ydgek-:9 a;o - steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powue-o2gm-ke a k9nd ;:yer emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whena*1r);wcim t7x/rt )6bb td bm it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar o-,c /e9.qcgrnebh 6 vcollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.