Which of the following is z6l 0 0ni+;jf ngnsu5n4) 2zwnc b)lf)gsuu6pthe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of b,7b1u pr x xku))x2lpivz(2/istqo1water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mol9:yt dl)m xn il.jd:fndf0h2/ ecules is referred to n)tyh2x l9 ::n f /fdlj0ddm.ias

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tem2x5t0 iy bd tmnh;q6f4yid*2kperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in i2 5 *4nk6mttbdydfyx qi2h;0both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dhh9*r xv k00nw )ak)1-f kyc2dm0jkcb epends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial volcvmeg) jt 6,,wume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy ,gvw6j)ecm ,t of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy tia3a7 zkab;-dm1 ly .o5kz2o)a6 zgkfv*tt9 U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures q via/t**n .rw hjde:2do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heiv9tmg t ,2d-sat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same9vmi2dt g -s,t amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up ozxb.qyq83 f*gxu8 o)d f a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the o xygqx3) qdb* .8ufz8system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chang4 mub;lyet-o*pda4(coj k(del- mb5 8e a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referredb5; 4u(j lymd4-eop elb* k8(aot-cm d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance u(5un/(gnel vu(tgvkpj6g * zk):t ,qfrom the liquid to the vapor state is referredv q/, enzj ngktv6ptlu)kg5(u(*: (gu to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate,2) s6q(mkl 6y s xn*mvxmb8.gm

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze 7n bh7vpx ks,:nh.b9os

  When a liquid evaporatecw6v5s56z db ad1q)6cp3 cga ns

  When a vapor condense*-d q, 8t*yorrvpq6z xs

  In a cloud formation, watef(sm-x).y9gj menf9 *lq:l uvr vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air :m(nl9 f9 ysfvq ej*lxg)mu.-in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wej-x*erx4h m94gd- ard7h6vq s 2ngk:ater causes

  Equal masses of water a:8aun cjx3:ck t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisi e0w;p,alhrx1i7k6 xcons is referred to a7 cp6 kixhxr1l; ,wea0s

  By what primary heat tranf /krz)pv4-ifsfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fla-i krz4/f v)pfme?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than2v cp n9f:1p gcy3g/qp+6gagh a piece of wood. T1 +yn:cg pac63qghvggp/9pf2his is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built flz+h y4 f;5te4s zqak5rom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss f;+y q55shkfzte z 4al4or a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal coj3hfc2-- 2 dg)fo( rch yzba u5h5w*rynductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivy-* buh jf d2-f5g)hcy a(r35wrz2ohcity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement o2cz/rks*y srv8xs wp 528 h5bwf molecules from one place to another is55r sy22shw8b *p kwrvzc sx8/ referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mnj q: xg,.x/hkechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurvyurwh 5bi842s-m yf2

  Which of the following best explainx *k+ew/ttuqr wih1(2s why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suita(qrwx/k12 wi+*tteuh ble body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an en6eb -f xl5q,qjvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentqx6lb5f-q, e jially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborisxhs+, t8mi5u7jcew n) 3hu7 zng rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, 5h+) mh3njtw,xsceus77z8u iwhat would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radia9 2 kma,i.dtas;;uzlq+b9ztd tor is doubled, by what factor does the radiatinld.s2qa t+9 d;k bimu ;,azt9zg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is re:a / ozaodjsi-8( w -jum,k+szferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechad 2i,uzhe*j f+zsd3-qj ) tec5nism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivxfr c p(0/a f,u;he.fualent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalecgm; sek7 t2o3nt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o.;nm hoyc0 +pk.ydxf7f lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is xz)fu,xfh n8ahbr 1w tx*98b,added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chx) xr,xwah81 zbfb* fn,8ut9hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally apwd, d (gu.p.at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temy3 t:wb,6s 8hrwc a1fuperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heatxea b9c i9eu*(o-rg t/ up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron r*5 mjz/xgo1qvt2 z65ya3qnw 4l27,yetk enjand 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases byez6wt a12lt35q jgozmxyn 47*n/y vkq52e rj, $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal ke7j :1*o f+z0m n b;akeqxt0nis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially n goc.g 2r4)qly4gf;mat $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at iurdy2 ,oxsukpe9ij:gw x +sf8*m9s:0;i; jv$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system jc x*ay0fm5e,that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initiala emx*c f50jy, temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore bq7h6 7 rpdh;/n a9j.knd3hzzthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on M dz3.a77p;h qrd9khnh /bnj6zount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming thatgeoj9v ;ci u6z ) f,e1:ztpfl) all the gravitational energy is converted to therme fc;vtep,6lu9o)z) j :zig 1fal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming nok.r sp+oj v/s(.hddv9 heat loss, how long would it take to heat water i p(.kro.dshjs+ /dvv 9n this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lozkw1i:2x k-zdox ,o-, hmutj8ng will it take to heat 20 kg of wz --xj,kd , :1wmo zth8okx2uiater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas4 uq2vln-q zxg g;ctk2, 7r/tts 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat l84.+fb4inw wb lf3yk = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remov.mcup ,ibei g:vv4 .fv: 0wc0zed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion o 9 /b4d f.rtx pi38okkz5(nxtif 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200r b xt8 (i9 zdkx/f3n54p.ktoi g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of icds n/u+(qv3p07r ynxow;,jx x/7um qv;8l ypye at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1 j*pqg5 8kvht200 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.8+xx u :rixn2z When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiammg aa uxc,b.n 9 ykpp tk./rny0+iv(w2d-84elly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water agu e/-y xahcz(;hy-moy7 g p5 2hb)ug/t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wate692zpeecyfds n6 //)gteh- w koex85 er at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required s8*tu wi/ 9s yldx;uuo;ke1*1v5 tvsk to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1/i jpy(jpz/u)(m92 ckx/elht 00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea,;nu v4..2ga8 qwkewxh initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heaty k49dz8o v,be11 qzsv of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its s4zd k ovq8 z191,vebymelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of4* )b*erv vtu- eokqc* concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of br5f *vsvqv -;hs ecn1/ (e4uvrpass. Two rods (one aluminum and ts/5cp sefne- v(r*vu v1q4h;vhe other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm t2njiai+o 2r)jg6a0 sn hick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatui anj6ro2 ns)igj2+0a re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside 5+p x97 rmb: rz5qiiartm5 r xi:rq i9pa5z7+rbemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of e.aa5 dxc9 ku*concrete keaa9 dxu.*c5 ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughuj:)73nlvg hj a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside texm4r0l9q+ 2eho ain6h/w )v cbmperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tee1uive 5(j kl4),gt bgmperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitkigt5ge()1bu 4vj,el ted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it i vb,7 je0tl4qxv. k)pps at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a im84.yln/ iuxsolar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.