Which of the following is the smallest unit of nzzr- 7sf xzua1w+u(0ct: *av heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempe(1h1feqx g6x+tk q n2arature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average0:ekn;mvr 4h.3dxvah kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tox ra.0hv;knm v:dh43e as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compardqd ;)nhp 1tw*ixb 37ke the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmdt1*3wnk7);bx qpd i hing pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas(2it:v,ajw edq f0n l*je :*ys depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volum*/jti q5mu6hke is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to6h*j ikm5tu q/ expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intphir4ckcz t6 ln:0pgk t;y3-; ernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vph q.h4 ,(m6s3t/.7z y3umsibdxxsbrary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat ygjxqx1 bv i)pe/lek3 6c1-5hm655 sjo)masf capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amoun 5bpm 6xoy1li)s mfc5j5xaeq3-k 1/6hvejs )gt of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piwb8(i hq7gd3 eece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of hei q7 8w(3degbhat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to bghl +5vsa+wi((dck1 change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to( hd was+v g(1k+i5blc as the

  The heat required to crha;1ig x, a+whange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred gaarx,1 w+i ;hto as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance ug)tf w1k5 b0y t64afbat a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze quo1aqv; ws;9ald0 on0)zkm:awwi/ 1 s

  When a liquid evaporate 68i2qh:ziuz+ jco,sls

  When a vapor condens gt/wzbv5u3z,es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into -w1 t5- *dr i0ax,qcv)nxxbg awater droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the51,c0-vnab g -x) drqaixw*xt temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flamehheu6 8 0 goqq;d,mo1 il)ilc; under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water 3bedoxul +*ydsg 8m,.f7e ;b2r qsr 3fat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions6ja8r-f7 ( pawrdtd 4g is referred to af-wgda jptd867rr (a4s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hrr w .qftg:u56ot when the other end 5 g.rtuq6:fwr is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metalrz4xx63, khim feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physi,mhk i463zrx xcal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogenekn v. gph* gfog)vjs ,(0wj 1*l(k4cpjous material, the rate of h4 jvcs gjhn1 pp*g,()gf o(v0kl.w* kjeat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material withn3ph 0-5yb9 d;pyia wb thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal53hb p-ypin db09w;ay thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molee)m5arr;c-l8fv9 ecet3u p +fcules from one place to another is ve3c-l) r9fr t8+epu;m fc5eareferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sto, g )bdotghgdt24i/m1ve?

  Convection can occurf4k pt;3 e*z;t1kqfp36vps yh

  Which of the following best explains why sweaticx uq nblo 7ybx5 835n/0slek2ng is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatus nl5xko2y ec 0b7bluqx853/nre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acap) 32o47cx e 7zyds)msub(zyceleration of gravity is essen7xsoa)4 2md7 sybpeu(zzc3)y tially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring recta)vv6p, l:nvu0ot/ hs qngular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate thon,6 tp hv)v/0:vs qluat heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, xv glft(l m23jey (xi03* +savby what factor does the ral03es iy(t3lf (xmvgva2j*+x diating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to5 mzdtginxx.v ec.t5 .5 t091gg shej0pb c.5o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm theklfg. ;n qb* tolz/.j1a)btaml.e 7fdv1u1l( Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat)x p0m la(b4ghx6;t7 vjb u;li?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to howxe( tb* d 8evqe50m4kb much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise t ys:f81q)i atxhe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wafuz1*m)w5ho q oh+ ul9ter, what is the resulting temperature f+u5 whum9zqo ol)h* 1change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is d8+ ky:hyusn,originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by h3i4y r shijs ,dc38y+$400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat uutmb j qw2tzm+z rmk+ (5*,v0ep her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hef7ad 6ynt;8wr at is addedd; tfny67w8ar to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatuip2 +jh6pjsz6mie4 m6 * lxy0ed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial khfq 5b-)z0o pq56zpuly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at bs:s p.:i/ yuo$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from igrjj4b -z(/k jts surroundings. Onejk/- bgzjj(4r object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempy f4be2rop7 *8dos9nhp8 m8aqted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterqoneb882d a 49sph* pfr8 7myofall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ove+yvrpcn9 xh j/uatvt(4.-)p8yid) gx r Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is guyc) jt4(dvxph.nx)ty v-/9 +ipr 8aconverted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuminm5f7-djrn ha:2j9w fbmw/ l0cg no heat loss, how long would it take to heat wat0b7hrc m95l -f jf/:jwwmnda 2er in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wa1 b5bj0pe+ n*ky.d orster. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wae+jbkyb*o 51.0n psdr ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g/83om uydwz5n , $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bsr qnq/u (z*ed uf9f6:lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chanv *xk:: bu7binnz jz: iiip;7:ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 8u /pofm xv(5le579mm p0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice? 9v/5upm (lx57pomfem

  How much heat energy is needed to changq-o -;z d:egdjd( r6nke 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100f j+( m e(dqfwyae2m6p. 3w.lwkk fw(. g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80q-25beptw6k u kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at qp4p;28f-y3dqier3t a l pe 5b$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a z ,+7jkcoks phydd;8+hstx)2t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of watbx.u asqdsap8s1.p2wq* ,00dsiu1o cer at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirenihl2. o c*a:nqr;+vpd to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ/v+k b nfowd u*,b/lo*ired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice totz.bxw /vmfj.43 qf9o,ei 8 md 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9,1) alnuxu5j5 n mdm1xv2;t- x1ibk hn kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mnxxub1um1hi d 2-,1x5mnn la5)kj;t velting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concq5 xn:fwz+wqs:g, :zzrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods juw tc+44lai0(one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. Th40 il uajcwt4+e rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diha5c :4 n rsi*fl*0qo1 ( svvg1f(uhsamensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe hq*:fa 5s*acn vsgh0 41(iu sfr1l(vorature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimeng v sf0veeis/,8c);;us3eq a psions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturee0gv;c/; spe ,a3eqfs) ui8s v is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2*gz2 ;qw a7x rtrsx,r2.0 m section of concrete ;t2 a ws2 rgx7zrxr*,q($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tlu;8zzm j926ofw 6 ny7bs1oy no transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temo:, y,7vyu tivperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temlp b10 ,te+z s(jw.hl4ne,inj perature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holeen4l(j b0ezsw,pt1 ,i hj.n +l of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body r1mz:os:: 1hrkifv; z 3ub9ptzadiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective rw.durtm511 (5b ael.*y fbfe collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.