Which of the following is the smallests)k/h m2 rzzs4 g)ke9zwk6lp5 unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to rarzi3 l:knj0-zam, h-l ise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecubt)meaf;n 9wo ep18-mles is referred to ason;t8 1 w-m efpb)9eam

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water s)l 1c-6(m gu /1mkn(zghtqxq qp0k:a. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup16gm0gslun/qcqaq k t 1m kp-:(x)zh( and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an n;h lw99.,apt 2i6e0t7olcfa o:jnzj ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume ,lk1wntc*odjy19 ,,a x (a9uib5cr g gis half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final in bu9ano 1jrw, 9t x*,1kiygdag,5 cc(lternal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at o1oick 8012uzipm nc p0m 3)uf$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempct6+s/o r pfagv.d0,feratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher speciaioij dg)1bj h+4v(0x fic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. Tv +0ohbid4j (ia)xg 1jhe same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece ofovnu0 j3 3bm:d aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact.bov03 3du:mjn The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a swg m.i1 ud9t3ctr+ c7h-klr/y ubstance from the solid to the liquid state is referred t i d3klw/gccm- h7 9+utrrt1.yo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to rc/4,2a i8 ltrd wp93tg2dhbgthe vapor state is refelawr2r c2bhtit4 d8,/p 9 dg3grred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at v 2(yw ,a7ne:qzpv1 nba steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesp6qq t5frcjv/x:/yr /o0(s r z

  When a liquid evaporat5 6m;8 oji -nlws)dtzves

  When a vapor condensu .vxd1b qxod qp+yefqz.a8 -5/j-q1 res

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropletu,hb -w*yudx ;.),gnt aj fo1ss which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air inyjso)x; btdu-nw.uf ,ga,1 h* the clouds to

  Turning up the flame und(24hganwd- uy er a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water8(s cqayw z0)f at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flo- tlo24a(w3i xw:ydj2q xe*tiws by means of molecular collisions is referred to a*yo:idj 2 wtt-(3 ai2wexqx4ls

  By what primary heat transfe :vowqzc2q ln .p48gn)r mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the otho2n wqvp4z8n:.) cglqer end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touknqk * mj,ds yhg,5g0bni3)v1ch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following ph*g)k0n yg3 ,vmq k 5,j1dnsbihysical property?

  If you double the thic,wr.fwmq,hsi1 7 5aqi*ones( kness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differe,wo (wrfn7 s. a*5iimhqs1, eqnce across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a 7tqk13mgj49cz d ooy* layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is thgqtcykd1o34 mz7o*9 j e effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of .d*:( +y:5cezw9sbvlf*pl o p 3gheimmolecules from one place to anoth*9.v:sipmef *lgpzy: cl5ehbo+ 3wd ( er is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot+*iv.* jjiy qc of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurk 74hxpo04uea que-s(d) m or1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is imp853a :yosop (wy 5znpdortant to humans in maintaining suitabw5no(8 a5d3syzyo: pp le body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where tp2 alt8-d3uvkhe acceleration of gravity is essentiat vpl-3 2k8dually zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectandjf i(l-dr+b-gular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that ld fbi(-- djr+heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatoc j2yffntg . +(anrbz,f7 ys-/r is doubled, by what factor does the rayfs cbn,-/ n+7(g.fzt 2fy jardiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium iro9ky8hss5 +x s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfpxis :8hpjj9t- t 4gk3er mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tyq;k;.eh2 sav:a;ws lo how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent vw pn* wr tm5y5.k(sbs3cp z:9imz.m/to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lr ik 7dzal9 *zobsy7e ma,5;m;ead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added hvxr *,wtlhuz nv,6n-man4(2to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?vhw l,,6xrn*v4-amu t zhn (n2

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall 3ybk+ b*1t* h6pvgxxny at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materiajl+v;3xtk3jc,zm m -,4 nezrf bb.rq7l by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat u3pa t:5wp98mb-0 fjw 5e9gykq 2uhmbl p her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consistdd586(eg/y 2 jb wur) mfx8i5fh/*y o(faxlhns of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is aofaywxdiy elh ((du62r /*/ ngjh5f8b)x 5fm 8dded to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mh z v/ed6wk0l+(,+b tlcr ad6xetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial0uvg2 .-z )wclu(tclgly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material athobo ka q6)lb-/2e;3me;xzg t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a i90j- xd+qjchuny t/7nhh0 j4system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings 0j uh-nxnh49jqcd0/hytj +i7. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attem1 zc4l f,c/fkapted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise woc4,k f1 c/alfzuld one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that itq p w;nrpbr87fi+2* all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wate+bf;p2 wpiirn t7q8r*r rise?

  A 200-L electric water hea;8kxsj cr3 6evter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank froksv6r ;jcxe 38m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lo:fcq hbw*57a ,)x, ds pqio;mung will it take to heat 20 kg of wate 7,:hc iqw* sm;ufdp x)bqa,5or from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gw5;vz6vm 8 lso, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blz kh+tnv+:r-azi r 7 gmx1y6e0ade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to luh,/,s ./ 3hmra aqvlliquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requi ,4cwy)zx8 xlered to melt 200 g of iceywc,8l4xez) x?

  How much heat energy is needen/, q:su9bj5zafwyu px fp5c+ec( :h2d to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g+; ibjd t*8eig of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcalwe 8,k266qj 6bvnweywli+wi6 /kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ilp7ecz* j;yosnsk5/ct : *qm/ nitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at td6li.g)rdk-c0 qj:-f3z s l n$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changedt; vh .odn+ftgx6cvvx1( *3c 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required/,wqkr;n o8kjypj +r3 to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to c:9-+iprys fs, bimqyo f)s m.)hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially att9t05 di3u atp2ls dw(9; yu3ijoti:x $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporiza.4g8a 2ddms sttion is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltingsg m8dds.4a2t point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductip3 y rd7;d5op/bs2lyw vity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicinz+9rq5l 6iue that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is mau6nzl59+iqr iintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thicvuev.p 5(5e6b(h :fi6w-xh 8bk ke nlbk has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature(w kf8 b5bxev be. 6hkpi5e vun-:h6(l is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimenqotsyh s j+( v;y1rzdk/n ((g*sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature s *rs1 kyqhv;dj(n(/ (go+yztis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0iw.l0t2n aomx(jwy)qid 6 +o, m x 2.0 m section of concrete 2jm ailty ,wx6q. )+idow o0(n($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfejn37jqz: (wvymm*rdkz 0.o-6h. sqp rr 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal bfvd ;u, ltp8ht8w5 7sof heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored bn-d,b,.my1j4cil x md y measuring x4m,n ,cd ilb-jmy 1d.the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it 6j1- ocj/sapjis at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside wf**x m /7c5skut)qoso 9pox3a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.