Which of the following is thec)otixuvv:l77ot9iyff* e gu n0,+d) smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temper1qlb+1gz9yt r ature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic e84nejqyusi- c(was, *-xxb ( ynergy of individual molecules is referred tox4 (xyasi w 8jbyqn,e(u-*cs- as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempe8iphzac;i(wiq s r+ 03rature T and the internal energy U of;30ipci(iqwasz h 8 r+ the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id:,j bhxpry7l7 eal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP ,zm*8wo iyq8 eis first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holdingi mz q88*wey,o the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalkiua 3qjz s+lv93n*fy0 )cwb1 energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is that4- a0bv:lglwnv9 l;qy -g5bw g

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific /od.6ugj1nn (skwd dk3 8csqpv t(r8,heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equa ,(drtvc6(kwn dj kq81s us3p/gdo8 .nl masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piec4gi bwn;ph/0q-rq-n i,:a;a9l bj zafe of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that ofhq0;gwa b fq-4z/r aaijni-lb; 9n:, p copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chang,n+ fm.e otn,( ca6csfe a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as t6, f fmcsenn+. c,ta(ohe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the ifjh -fi9d 8:jvapor state is refer: dhf 9i8ijj-fred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadyspg/ )j)f4kh m ar9p3f 3 so+fkmif6u* rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezef1 bnl89f1 hy5/)lwaqepb jg9s

  When a liquid evaporat m8+u4f3)y1qt rg dpdbes

  When a vapor condenseszywaa0ju/ / f;

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses i fabq1 u0x7y)tnto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of t)xfau0 1q7 tybhe air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of3 qr;e1khm qt gr.f6h0 boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at f 9b:u+nece rn)1s ff nhq;vx7)29zjv$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows bwrrq3q) h-ycv 2rda0-y means of molecular collisions is referred to arw0 avry)q cqd-h -2r3s

  By what primary heat transfer m qfmq*r qnx *yrgrh:i193wx 6;echanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flaigmn1h rw:fy r9*rqq *q; 36xxme?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch uru+adw 0:(0,. rhqtu)zw( yadg(dt qjd*x(gthan a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follow jya(dzu,r(0 rdq( (.agwd0 qdtu*:t)xwuh+ ging physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a w ,fk*, 6 it 9q(aq dgzdv9rs:7ilfcr;iall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempe* (irqdg9qsid7rz,cf :ikf; al96v ,trature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K 9j2gdk) lre1 u2eww4 vis placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of thw4 d1e uejl)9v k2wr2ge composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecul y,g5vofx (.ices from one place v.yg,if co5 (xto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism npv5d6wu0yv9, pzz f 2z2owu:rbu;p,d9x r -e is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur(nif r9c2 ink ;,fup(l

  Which of the following best explains why s vu dts c78brth )+k(ouj/(al1weating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tempervar(kt j/ csl7tu hbou1d 8()+ature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an en f mi*6elb3lz9z u84qwpj/: pv;u/itwvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As tht3qu6 u;ib9z48z vmpp:e / /f iwlw*lje air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the samei5w y:lny /r;h materials. One of the houses has twice the lengthlyny :hi;r w/5, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor5ny qzbi 8)kgce)xg-* does the rad-y k)5qz8*)g nc eixgbiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referredub.xj6l5bqnn a;4 y3 c to as

  By what primary heat trani9n7zk acyl7mv4o0c 1sfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalen9nkzaqy);2 e ht to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how akua/ru+sr* w4v :).l)g:2ljrnzz dt much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperas7i4 9kr9 fb+ ekp.cqiture of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the2twkq: e) 3yq qh2eo-7)ptshg resulting temperatures-pkg qth23ewqqt)7yeo 2h:) change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally 1..lfri s6 vanp;ajc( at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises;yob xi10.j(xfol / hy the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5udie z 4q,q7l 9ghn;:t.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coppui4.o ha49:wwr7 nn w6c css3eer. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature . wusn 4swwnoe9ai3rh 6:cc47increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal iow k. f )nt-wf(zecexg83lm6d 5*/jnws heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial3h n by87wwcxq5-y)k cly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a7huu3yh oseml 8:: jd562nv(/tmgku gt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a q blv3cjf8d7m b52(k d8ympl+system that is thermally isolated from its surround+lb k78mdpj mlb25q3v(y8fcdings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to efnl jv:a:: rv(xplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a watev(r:: v :fljanrfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming thatf, 3gk hd 0h5szdt43ynz:v0u v all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what s3d,hkv3 004zzfhv5 :gntyudtemperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric waterez0r;r6kj rde y:p7)w heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat way:6wer j;0z7k)repdr ter in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wat1r:kl, ct ah6ver. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of waav,61c r:klt hter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, a0n1ty;s 17otj 8k9q aq5bpqn $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bladc6 rlm lr(3bi3vtms,+f)do :ke (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid?9d. uimb +ynh; k. ifqm0v4ceh.8mep.

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of , x3po7a,;z,jdt 5akpna3 hm i80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice? ;pahj 57da,anxoi,km3,p3z t

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice g: -6ohrr7r c6: te(wt z(4jwpbwkl 3cat $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rer+y d*((jw6bw2mvwvz moved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice 1 bc fagmlt 1/+y::9k em7jcebis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi gxc9. 4vrih d+e(eu-hally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a n8oa8evk;(*blh6 v)n rwd7n yt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water rnhdctl+y 9h.abki jdm 7 27vv 096vp3at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cn79k hk: mhibvf95ya3hange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requir:j3s*gv dp 9,idzsl8hed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ;i :4 ks5ohf z +rci7:zcg eg8t0qal+finitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapob;75z9.q5l bzv g tsrr2(higqrization is 207 kcal/kg5gqrb(b ;igs 7z9l .2q vhztr5, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of f5g-bx0pex,gv k 19br concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. j c. ykjdbw+ 7qy-:bp3y;gn3b Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. Tk3wb7 j-by.yc;3jqy dn:gbp+ he free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions-o yw49qnd5: (.o5finxiu ott of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempwu i5todt4. nioxfon q :9-(5yerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 h(mk5zea7qpfrj0x5 *) sgr2 cm by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature57gz crx( q5shap m)rk2*fej0 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.,w3x:k dy:mrd0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete r,yd kx3w:d :m($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througcv- a0baw8g /csr 6xrb 1n2b)ch a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost96ey xsk. lkn1 through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used x3n /; t:zvqstfor refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiantqv3 sxzt:;nt / power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hum5g, jeug lykk-+ht 2t6an body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of5ctx6ky7,k6/x:c imeg2v xc z $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.