Which of the following is the smallest unit of he ac1e- 53ww(s:qfrek xzbw f.0at energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pxr4b n0m x0a4: hrhi+rz6/w8qaw+gu water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules ie:, vo0kx.lhis referred to as,.h v olx:0kie

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wate4fyidpgz- 0y) ew 7mi;r. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in 4pgiw m0)y-z ;e7f diyboth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idei1bsd/7kl l+hl1,fe; j:i soval gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is firs9i( n2ax budtfk;rqc ; -nm-4at compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial inn kqbxac;iu4tm 2a d(f -rn;9-ternal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intern5tvvf9jy(dfd8t a *,oal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically91 m m,3lfavjz is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacvqw1ji+i ).i iu;h2juity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron q21+j u.)hijw ;iiivu that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system s jm-o8rzc3hkq 1.e (ais made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of hheo8-a cjr3z1sm(kq .eat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from g0ej j8 zbb0+ try6oe(;x0a .gbgqv8 athe solid to the liquid state is referreg0b y;8jqxo0ag+ br68bga( 0tv e.jzed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapodh((sxlk 0bk na 68bc.r state is referred to (x8 0(n .asbbk6kdclhas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance ats v uy:u-xs8,*bkq qttzb7+qha6ak* 3 a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezelt2;, e1fhqpln/ i f)ks

  When a liquid evaporates7kj3o2vj(d3pzt 9) (zmipw ., sdgxsur1w .ee

  When a vapor condensetl- -ifyv8 wc9s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water srru c9 mn pv4 e81;5uf;z;fdcdroplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This wild vcn m;r 49p5uuzf;s;rf1 8ecl cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a po 2 r 89u+iw2xuj 1qzklri1/cwan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water w40wl7ibq*s cn. krn -at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisio wbdb7fj9pdr,wxp:;6, h,o dk ns is referred to aspr:,6; ofddj,w bkbw ,ph9d x7

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bm edc-nq079b ck6 .j xhmiz9-far become hot when the other end is placd. mq0eb7k-i x 9 9jcchzn6-fmed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the k-.ko4 jw2 y9;uipnwq.9luze touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followqjnkyi-uu .9k9z 2w 4wel;p o.ing physical property?

  If you double the thic u-b ytnpvd ;x93ye wqv,;3g3ikness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature diffbnw3;gpy,t-u 33; diev9 xvy qerence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material tqdh+zb ,6ji*with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. ,bqijhz6 +*tdWhat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one pl;a bsr )5cp1btot, wd s*ds34k59hlvjace to anothe1 o jptlshbrd *v, t9bc4 5as)wk;ds35r is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer wp4a3,vbbi(wu) ny (omechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurb6f 8)(sa8 ffd0 zukht;n4vhm

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impolsp uq.76o,mg rtant to humans in maintain6u,s ompql7g .ing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is driftingbte-m+9.a sqw8)sjlmq q0 a-t in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is j mmas9-q-al )s+.t twe8qq0btrue about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same mat qazy:22ecg.(jy 4qle erials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, ajqea:y 4l2 zecgqy .(2nd height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by wh *q2/:tsen8 w(uxqs klat factor does the radiating power change? n x:s(qslt/u*qw2k8 e

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any med lp5bi-rx7/ fwium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Suenuj)rldal)(8 z 1-l r 3sdc9g1jo 3gmn warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hetxykt6xrp* mg .4s;.j 7*vjlud+1xt nat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to howh8+ ;j4oro u2so,bx un much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neededoh uj) .sqt:8a c.1hix to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resultd vgy10;pb8qw ing temperaturedq;8 pvbw0gy1 change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originawovs.8i b m2z4lly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0oq8-3td va-8c ojb-bb kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 t53jn38wx me nL of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 :cu qa6xz+/qo ; ya/ilkg of copper. How much heat is addedq/zc;xy 6au/ qa loi+: to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meby.lb/51k) b olx1zcrtal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at 4pam 0, ahc00drzb8hw$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ahmk4 kkj)qv ;(t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated f9d7f:k sr+zc (dtne;erom its surroundings. One ob(f7 ec;zstk9n:rd+ edject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exp i tjtespa x(o2(u/sju07y-0rlore the relationships between various forms of energy by measurings-utuo 0 pe 0ji j(y(ar7xs2t/ the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming oda; +hiplb bd,. zw+g-68x kpthat all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ep+-;xp8b dz.iga,hwklo+6 bdnergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat iadaq,adq 9z9 o8 x;7floss, how long would it take fa99xdqio7ad8 a;z,qto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will ylv)obj(-b b- ewaj68it take to heat 20 kg of wateo-(b )8ayj vwjb-le6 br from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gx2xu .w dyxt jw20g8 kf5m9uzyn1ui(7, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel k+ex +d oali;d4r 9z/eenife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chang 2buk9zco.i65z-2zw hkgbc*iy nr+s4e it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat iso)xgr ucj9(q7 required to melt 200 g ofj r7gq x(u)co9 ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice a39blxb f+q ( i6upewazx-.-bat $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rw5cwu3 sq5 v3j68vitr hpfa 3vk45 x0zemoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80c9c qa-. qzuz9 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini .5p d8 mnq uij8j)8 jamylo2f:1w4oxgtially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aymoa d8 j d*6e)f(sbqw-,ho0lt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chgo o7*g,j4e feange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changea97l (klgh *5der ;tcb2f9fhx one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is reqtwjm2 x96fd4 2evf8wvh g9: qouired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1mn y ut88,9)q +ewargq.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lea5/ahnrh; frj- d is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting hn5a;hrrf-j/ point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of ci0agw9n78 sfioncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of x vp o6cz5vne;f.p)wn4v4s+ualuminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brasx4zpnsefnup ;wvc v+ 45vo ).6s rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensioqd:ok if;y:3v(aztyr1;3co nns of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempv ofocdyq(;a3r: ;n z 13kyti:erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.2lll(-o7(swb7y.u d 4svbqez 5 m. If the outside tbq(lzd2o 7b-ul4s7. yv(wl seemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 ;vvxov ii)s8)y/ ycr. m x 2.0 m section of concrete r)yi)/vvy v xis.oc 8;($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take jcb 7 wgd3dj-9to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of hea4jfw2g uyz3f5z: mb e.t is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the 0 d0nqm s 9-imu+phc)kc2dwr7 temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole whc9p q0ruc+mi 0d7msd 2n)k -of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whg5u9 9tgbyq/hen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection areay d ) /brgag oj ow6yxls:jn15kl*5-n9 of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.