Which of the following i l+lkz9s(zbz)f,, m+kw lxg*ls the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise )io 4/c./ yi(7z xrmwjt x4jqxthe temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual moleculvn1+.diptq6bi:g w4k es is referred to dpb.6+v :n1gwkq4 iti as

  A cup of water is scooped upbv.p 35k. q.jgqj3pjc9 e ,txx from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of g5t.qe px9b3,q vcjpx.jj k.3the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of /ga1:m6xkun++w f aiz an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is 9v/u znx6t 0pohalf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the ininov p0x u/tz96tial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in5phq rw9up ana:g5h ;*ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vat avh0-wuq4-dry drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher speciowuv u6ox g1euh8:31 vfic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of waterwuue8v3x6go :o vhu1 1 and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system gm5b dx 81x1vy hrvlp-wp/69ris made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss ofp/rl859-1 vxbrvx1 w hmpydg6 heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a.x6(, jlewe*f-4r zsewxrgt- substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to 6elre, e. g-zs-*4 jwxtrfw( xas the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor- nhgf;m3w898 vg hbmnn1xy0a state is referrenf m3n b;x1wvg agm h8h8-0ny9d to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a+a a(rr lu+d2-h.:y0, ojpu1fx utvd j steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesqf2*ipdf: (4civ8n sd

  When a liquid evaporatt pe(o gj*)+dut igm10es

  When a vapor condensessq, 4:eam 8eamp;c7gm.s3h jz

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dauv8 1eoflmk7u54+ xw b6t n;iroplets which get bigger and bigg l14x 7fe5tkvm8i ub+ua;6wnoer until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan1v/j 0 ket7 wi vyot2fb1ag37f of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water aei xqfm*2aq6f nnf:y+,k o/x:ga i,p0t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by mea04/fg ko u2nnens of molecular collisions is referred to a2ng ofke0un4 /s

  By what primary heat transtgv *xm.9rxxbj ;o.0 sfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the *tr. gbvjx9m0s; x o.xother end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piecd-1q2be( rud ee of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physure -21(de dbqical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materi dlpk +tszj./ow 5/x8yal, the rate of heat loss fy+ w /5j8p.xkts/l zdoor a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermad0 j -2da vsfado0s,/ul conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layea 0u,d/daofd0 2vs-j srs have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mkyw0) gmpf ;9movement of molecules from one place tfmmyw) 9;pk g0o another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w291ysq) bwhwe2og(h*sm/mil ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurc awf fxzoa:8r l2je41-cf+vg m1,kn5w/ s ej:

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importa r2gsajel/;+dnt to humans in mainte2+r a;/gsljd aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environme18ahe p l+cm1hnt where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the co 1eplh8m +ahc1nvection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same m*k.6v/lsi w2vyrnje e ;n;p n fcb1*/raterials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, wen by wrcr iv*pse ljk1./*n2v6/fn;;hat would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor q*8xtq:ng,u h does the radiah8qx* n t,gq:uting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the c.h t7(dge yth19,2rtzjy j9dabsence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartg.m o2d q/sbp*ig( i*eh?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much c(. j krfp8jsp6z8+eoiwy 7 m1heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is ro s.1:n8fe cex(aj8 dequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatu v3mwc.3dj s- xah6w8sre of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of:nluhyg ns+-n2h7* ov water, what is the resulting temperature change?log2n:nys hu*nv7-+h

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blocyl90so q72r2oazr0 d tq m9qb/k is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of m0+cd8ze/wxb . qb8fj 4jolh)caterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath w kswl zjiti:kpya7 e.s) dw dx5;/9+5eater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much he*n)rzr nmp04 uat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by *n rrm)nz u0p4$35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated7o(n52eg-vccngze3iu )sxd:+j 4 dy d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cm r0 dyc2dup:( 5gpen2opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at dgfyjl3;5 vrs.o ) ec-$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that m, r*m:k h u8st;kv/y nq/wjb*is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of s/rhum8m ,tn**wkvb q k: /jy;$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betimf.a afrxhpj *4;fkhr b1w : 0t8.8u2oxtw+zween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperatur2zrh 0ha.xp ur8 a*8wt4ftb.:+ixw;fjfm k1oe rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niaga51 grkwesi3 8 s,eyd6vw.qyn(ra Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitatiowvkg , 83 s1w5r6 q.(dseiynyenal energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric wateyfq(yy )4l,qic8oj ,vr heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heif, )ov,y cyl48 qqyj(at water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 8ssnh.5aou; v9i zm 5l20 kg of w5iz.noss ;5mhv8au l9ater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000l7/x ,nlutnv6d sxcx6pe;(4oi i 2; ot g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =v 5iopfex2yy6w +5 oo3 $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to crrgjq d0 sg405hange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 k3x:hl dpg7wz 57h io5vcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 20hi5p 7lg3 wz 7h5dv:ox0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changpdpg2bypdyp*x5. y3 n-s6ss 1 e 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1a 1a+4 zq41sqi(rpq tu00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/91x ( kua-mypwkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initial4hnkx9m + 8s(t igjfcccx9/7uly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water az.sy: sker:1z2oh cjc6kh4fxa3h p7 - t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is1:wi/g qcuec* needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change odf,ij klv-/ 4k pk3lg*ne gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requf+7xner nfu .r5qv i96z mm(1sired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at/ e25 2yzxxtng $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizat;lb-x-q5y.h 7 mwv kglion is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is7 -wm;xlkql-y .bh5gv $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ;g gnq+1ih m8u e6c0jvof concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of l7mip:-a-kg qbrass. Two rods (one aluminum and iglaqm-kp7:- the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm t 1 trbm5m/d* ddl-n6dwhick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tew*md5m /lr 1dbt6-dndmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thica8 oq-u,ibuaefo-i x, 2u)p:ik has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper28fuxop i- -,ba)ieu ai oq,:uature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete-ucm9fmve p3o* 9 ep*i(e9zv 6ntf.ze mpv.ffvp*ne z 3u e9ozeec*9tm6(9i- ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat tem3e1 us3g( nq tl2ci0hrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through zlme au l9 m9;vr2w(n0a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining s il/zotu;jip+0kl88 1rp: f kxnyef: :teel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted liolz 8f::yr p+1x0eknuji: ;8pft/kthrough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radra d+o ;3g3khniating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector :l(zca 0pvpflctleuh le,.z2(:p d0/(effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.