Which of the following is thrynra.w.obex ,--0u/ m ka5bne smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempew kwgv,rnze 8u hulsf3bz.2o. ). 1h0prature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is83 m uobczz,han 9tb45 referred to auboa4 58zth3m9zbn ,cs

  A cup of water is scooped 9c 0hs b ecm4:av9kvy9up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U e 94ycv9 0svkbc9 :mhaof the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal aq t*drtl;8z8 gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comprescetyah5 6fq:-,ecwura9m: h/ sed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the ga/e hrha5uytw f:cem-:qc,69 as will be

  An ideal gas with internh6h0,ja( z g/j gwmin9al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallycuxppc+gyn: 92i77i m is that

  It is a well-known fa72pp8dhafcz*l r mc4fcx (2z6 ct that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibr6pzhfz r pd2m c27ac8l*cfx(4ium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pi/)qs48n5 ,h 2mlcuy2ke jr upvece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The spelmhj 4ns/)upk e2c 2v8,u5qrycific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solidayxbdq5j5f4+, 0kj fo to the liquid state is referre yfjo0 xf5k5,qbj +4add to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is rcwbz ,xqc1s8 j4hm. z*e.zx*4wmc8 j1h,bzsq cferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance a5t(8gi ceuflu; *c6 adt a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze ,ohxxw 5tcw(;hmozk5u;bfelp;:4 /*x bb fb-s

  When a liquid evaporate h4cq)tt8,y6j i8gekexo yv/6s

  When a vapor condenseso v b)0mvb6an68w l7mr

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropl 3x5p w3rn i 9v:ucemx8se.o+bets which get bigger3b5+ cns e:8pm9uv 3orewx xi. and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wat rjt e0wrq3t)(er causes

  Equal masses of waterkyv yz(c0*vm6 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fsd w-; r1jj0izlows by means of molecular collisions is referred to adwzr ;1ij0sj-s

  By what primary heat transfer mech,j91e xz.pyteg 2tr)uanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame192 zr )xjetepty g.,u?

  On a cold day, a piece a vfjd: y:2no9o7-;luckn /uzof metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in l27nck-z: jayduv;o: 9 /uf onwhich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wallpitljqlq94 ms t1;,2g built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempe s49,jt2tm ;llgq1 qpirature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating qm7 a r4 k3a88xwfhbi-material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductiv3 b7hwm88k xi a4q-fraity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules frop:kdd+t1 ku8fm one place to another is r8p:k+k f 1dudteferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer meu2vxnxh8w-v 3d 6tw 8tchanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur26*fzfqbhrmv;v /l + jvb7m, f

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to huma a*jceop8,sgo71 t i.aa g;zn9uut (m0ns in maintaining;e * u(p9a 7a8o1iczgn0moaus .tj,tg suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratio:x(ul sio.o *6ihruj ;n of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabr*isix6 ulh;.(uo:o jin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectge(pra wq),ts3 *v1soangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the reso)1 *g ( wr,qa3svtpate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperx0mw v g(95cxyature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power cha90yg 5xc(mwxvnge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is mv1- 5pzp3woi,ifzh,referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ynf2l,ui u85gpen8+ k does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heajvw;i6nd f a 6s3*-4oehdwa 11sdaz j+fz+o6g t?

  16.5 kcal of heat isp)e2 v2zd.l +1spo /sh xl7ywm equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed epb,2n u.cir/to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resujso c,;jqgadti: // c)lting temperature changecd) o/ igqjsj;tca,/:?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block isaewlvz( b 6z597ia7cb originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempee+a(otl68g m krature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her h +)t b*ms;dftbath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 v017dl qkj1pdb9z v8- y h4xlzkg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperaturyjp8 b1 7zvv0lqzxl941hd- dk e increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to v05 ,qj9f4/ymv icjsy $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, *+igwqoti:.eht2hog h 3 niz2zk 1eb7ag 444j initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ay2aft0bku vt 9/g un/2t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sya/f4zk8duo. *hdzw-b+7n sm6 d a3 mzpstem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an. dd-pm8a zwf*h s6a d/ k7bm3+nu4ozz initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James keftb,59 oeas ;i( 8lp7m,let )aeeu4Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of eneeaa lt; 7ubpelk tof(mi)9 5seee8,4 ,rgy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumijd51-zcb6r k ,c uqp9ang that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperatj1z6c-aukd bq9 cr p5,ure does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wouv ,q5te hz2*u 8u-lhakld it take to heat water in this tank fro5l2 8ukeq,h h-t*vaz um $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20s jfj*1h,m py7xiwh28 kg of water from pxy 2fmjwi1h*7j,hs8 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 0bim5ac 99fmth99k umg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bo har .w1ecz ;89j7tbolade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chang-c7sn :gom *c;k5b2 e+dqjicge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat + jv9wgmi;c ,b8vjc-:bs4ic fof fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 j scvc;-:bmv +fb,w98c4 giij g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to c35dxo t+ww+cer0-/3 vp cnhddhange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs ;ko.8n7 kiv7dzwprgd67 mna 1to be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 pe :ppdrw/ u*;kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water6f.aiunmd77 dwy54bcqlk 4xx 4p:tt 0 initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at6j8b x rho*h8 +ycxtv) $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of watqn)b7 m-rjl jyw+f)6cer at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gra5ncjcjwvk/y. uhq4(6 1g ir.vm of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chag1rv (n*llm l8nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bkgxe1y+k xw*3g )1h1xn 8fhju y adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9xs 26hnfv2d-q kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is2xvsn6fd-hq 2 $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isti)attm,,) mv $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods rqa -fsw,:ijk rd9a;h:oz,p aqn 78u*o14tsc(one aluminum and the other brass) are j1p:i- j9oor 4qu;d aq:a7sta zhwn8 skr ,*fc,oined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside j9.+gn:5ht-9atghbcc6apq.t ) l za htcga h.q a69t hjz+g9)ttnabcp 5h.-l:emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If t wks;;2w m6al u5ny2mfhe outside temperature isl26 nk y;fmws2wu;m5a $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrevkp 8fv ,wdcmx 30:jllscf )71te fp30v cxj1l:mlksf), w7v dc 8($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat y+ 7d0fbd x)4mlr4* sqiopm)k through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal ozkw6: lo* :hk mfrwrn80 )ajf+f heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace us)vmb4-wr,)nfow+y 0wg v vk8t ed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitvyw mr+v ok 8g0)-wbv4,nwf) tted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is av.;i1(v wrnfyca p5of4f41 y gt $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inw,ck jacn33 e:side a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.