Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat ener-ohlmzavw altj2/ow6955 r;xgy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raisv3f l,sc(v;oqf 5i uq/e the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molec0vk4xr0q0 s np8dhwy *ules is referred to nrpv hdxy40w * qk8s00as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare thi6+bx s,gw:v;c4y rfge temperature T and the internal energy U of theg4xs :v c,+g ;bf6iwry water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idl+o/eo /b 5siieal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comxeq 2 rh4kc7o*pressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its7*roc2khexq 4 pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at pd9 gh/q3gs ;w,qpor;y97 otq$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically 8y pnk.djnd(c5 :rjy 6is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a ilkb+u qik+og cb:7:8 higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same ambgc+ k: 8o+ib7uqki l:ount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluming:ajtlzk x( - m/4d3vjum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are vt 4xj:jk-g da lmz3(/in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state7)u .8jy e3voi5hnkzwzp yrrc4f 2;b) is reri)byh 4vzw 3e orz yc8;75u fkj2.np)ferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substanh yz 4.v)i.mmzce from the liquid to the vapor state is referred mhz)y.imzv 4 .to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substd4pi7 ; auolz)ance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes n6d09 49ul5w4u qbbxbsn +dpu

  When a liquid evaporatqbml 371;g1ob sky b4dos-)ules

  When a vapor condensnco,dl). (l cres

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigra . (b/elz5yager and bigger until it rains. This will cause/er.bz5yl a (a the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling 9.jaja/ldot. j st94vwater causes

  Equal masses of wate84nwxa/rt gc :r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisia+ppm te:n:7ions is referred to asipe:pmtan:7+

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bai 59-yq** km eyi4asqdr become hot when the other end is pi ed*qy 9-qa s4k5im*ylaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feel w zsxy8,w exe5 zeqq6x 5/*39ziigot:s much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whice5zqy:5i xxg s6e3,8zwxwe*i ot9/z qh one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness gszwg /;xsg;;gjl9/ddz n 9 a8of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of hez dza xl8w9j nsg;/;s/g9g;g dat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layfg c nb6x pu:7cnyf7d:-8af0 yer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is t-cfnx7u6p y 8g fnbf yd07ca::he effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass bvn1(8cyu167 zkbp g xwq;u /ymovement of molecules from one place to another is referred t1 b(yxg8 nyvbu/ 1;6cpz7qwuko as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is gk ;x 9ia4k1lexc-n6b a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurwr)yz0 m7wj/nrv/ w5i

  Which of the following best e riqx-cvcbw: 6k3u 4.fs 8m5jgxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable bvw cc.rj x3-s56qm4f8 i:kgubody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment 1ze 4byc lkhneu6/w2 8where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?h 6b c24l8z /kweney1u

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materia-lg5 7-a ihc5mvn0b yols. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small bocin -7yah 0-vlm g55house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by w;jx zg+lqtlo3/f0vr - hat factor does the radiatolx;+r3l 0v /z jtqf-ging power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the selgr,f 7c p41l 44lqhabsence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat on 8mx )+*i uwc,vu3yntransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how v6 5fk2 fjlv)tq-1tycmuch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent llm/a-s( nte:to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed s j tiy(9fnqr/,tu20qto raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat issnyuu5 3dyoker/ or04,o6;7 iwjm.t u added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature;u0.um o/irod jtoy 34yk75 n usrw6,e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally m3: x a8yr7geqat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tfr;7s (8bageh o5krs1emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath g3 v)+za zv43ukkj; qc4lvkx /water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of:uju 6tw (hq5z:pr .xy iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to th5xh.r :qzuw:y(pu 6j te gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mett )6nht1ap/mial is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppe9dwvd+u*nmt bpf 3;wo0 * v*wur, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 4 v*+rlxfb 8mnat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its sur.7tr cfobl*da 9js ,s*roundings. One objs lj*.sca ob* 7rtdf,9ect has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted tww.n9u*2jfe u o explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vewunfewu.2* j 9rtical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing overfwigsxbo:z e;,)0r n) Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tempe)rn izg;woxsb ,: fe0)rature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lo0e6o x6 aeszb v(3alncxl( +;sng would it take to heat water in this tank fro3exl (a; a6(lc0nxbs +s eoz6vm $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg sr,0z ;7ejg+9mfqq2gk :eatsap,;f fof water a;f:pk sg2+qf rsze,ftqg,7 09ja;mefrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mi;9k)x5q mxm;jv68by anzhg(g. :j rx ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knx x0qb (dr4ox/ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removedb8c jj (m2zx.a from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kc, h cxxg/1a5wlal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icx 5x,h1wca/l ge?

  How much heat energy is neei:lqu5fvd-r j dqc/ 1-ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from / d pf*j*bqs- nnoth:/100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kgv0 xu.3e5)yprrbhng, . When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water vckm2 hhoi9e3;7 grqom)s 5*l initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water athq7( s ,6y tcvqi+rvu4 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water atjp br9s q0+jb,2v0bi l $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requi(cz 6bo1v6it kb k9eu/red to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g obg3ezj,-od,ku 8o ic e 26zz. i0ah:fof $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ib420soko mqtc; +xud .ce to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kh-fcb69own -5wc g2qm g, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and itsw2- mc wf6go9 q-5cbhn melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o,ilazcwod i76 zq3jm /d:.e- zf concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice thaft23yh ud .ebdcabm/;i; 3ydwd/(i)ut of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent tyh yti .edd 32b /dim;)w(ac;/b udu3fhermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m 4g *j*tveiymb i1h z31 vqc3u:by 1.5 m. If the outside teyc*i h3vjv41:get *zbium3 1 qmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionl. mmb)ty(yv/)zn qe9s of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem .l)yb9 (zn)etvymmq/ perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 houvnt pn/qw l4..r through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( lpn/w 4tnqv..$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat,uiix xsn)w6rvk f1.9 through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempe23(mmaavc0c50xa d fn rature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatur0wz)0 +5 wpura* /nwimnx3x1ejq8er ie is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitnjww 0ipw8+enrzx5ai3 e/m0) u*x1rq ted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human lwh.nr;vm1m9 body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effect 8xzap ;tuw)- u3dc7b7t plq/xay4na:ive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.