Which of the followitgj3jvrfg62n :f :o7t ng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise q:0psfny ze x59 +kft4the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average,rall s/bisgji n;y3+ .p k6u1 kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to a il j3+ n1sg6.y,s/ik ;rblapus

  A cup of water is scoo:j* h l/h j99,d pwu4ugiim2laped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in botha*2ij4g w9hulp/:9 mj,uhl d i the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends ux,1na rsk4wk l9wlcx4: l31cz; luayuu/3)d on

  An ideal gas at STP is fg ;c3dy*sed.nui.ig07p0 hy u irst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until ei .n07ui 3u0yy gs.dhd*gpc; its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U f*/lud-g0wnp at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary qq p4lah+60waxy3 f a,drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher spe:/h0 sj6w /agtjjiyb;cific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses oj hbty;a 0wjijs /6:g/f water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alo,::6sg q39nef2dpunu tq ty+uminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the coon93uq +e: gpsd ,:2y6ntq ftupper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanc/4+van u3-owq-peuc se from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as th4oqeu-+au 3 wsp /cn-ve

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid tot )ce94-pbro7m+ q+ogix xco4u.hl- l the vapor state is referred to as tl-oog+p c+.l h-mxrox49itc q)e74b uhe

  If heat is added to a 68 gutkecoq(e gu,.4a 3c(xac pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0na 72rpq;vwi,.ac mr

  When a liquid evaporazvn,euroo/+ 3tes

  When a vapor condenseip)(u-z-n kt rlr,cnh; cb02 js

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which he7t(l 2cp08)chjway get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperatu)w0jeht 7 c hcly8(ap2re of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling waterehl ;/ + hi(cahw4hoazqj2x3* causes

  Equal masses of water at c ,ybsi4rj z-;$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fe23xtqu7ew 1 ta89 xrclows by means of molecular collisions is referred to atx re8xet9c1w2 q7a3us

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an irce( /u y4r0vbokh+a4gydbv* 1on bar become hot when the other end yv1kheryo dvcb(/a4b*+g4u0is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fc( de /ic6phj.flivh j/7(v j5eels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical properej vh//lvhjj7cd(6ip .c5i(f ty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built frosik2 : 3)yozjq/b. 9yk+ : e.,mzqyv0 aefklldm a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across th e+ a0 /qo ,fkzids.:lzyykvj y2.mb ):lk3eq9e thickness will

  A layer of insulating mazk;c6gso5e m o1*ja:o,xph bxpoe*3 t43;gasterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer o5e : c*hoaox3os mggt;bae,ozjp4;*316p sk xf another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecukz sl f3e;t. k;f hytk81hdp22les from one place to another is referrftpkd 3 z;f 18. ke2;hty2sklhed to as

  By what primary heat transfer me 8 a;dutxvkvk)z,/v+mchanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur;ge3p ec +ash/+jz61wn 6 rydt

  Which of the following best explains why swea3v l2 thdh.:lbting is important to humans in maintaining suitable hh.2b :ld v3tlbody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratiok4* 6aul4 s3m xqlhr5in of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents cl qm5*ilx4 6hkrsua3 4aused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same jpvaob xj -77+)fg.ul/v4 ns0 ;fn adtmaterials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need h.l4ansg ;fj7v -/pvtb nd7+)afuj0xoeat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a rac0l a;o9m c-zfdiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power c -a0;fzcc9o mlhange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred tou*g75ucn5ag u8 zeg/ub e+,w*y h;fv n as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does t njvafr-(;,4me +o1fy 3fmvwghe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalentnmme *3uijse4q (j-*ew c+br4 to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wor)zt.; lkwi zs.k?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o rh7n *kom2r9yf lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempeq+7xc hlyx)u ,f8kzh3:ol r o;rature changefl+,;oz c ):yo7kxhu8xl3 qrh?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ig(nl,qdi+do j3 + nqgb8d 3g7js originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature ofa9rs4m hu*sfwt7 vh z5t h.z29 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by t vdiv4*u 0*k:cyayi4 adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg o:9 t;fgxiwclb*m/v6 kf iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear iwckm*t :bg; vif6/9xlf the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is v0 1moh fu0/vi xdosxd8/, 4bsheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, )zj256 :bpjd2hc iipc )1topnnm/ 2cv initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atf c:j6lf,efi 0v)6pum $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its hf* ypo ktqhmnrkh3mm. m1z 3s, ;-j*:surroundings. One object has an initial toq ;m*1k,3.*zh:mrnthpjfkhm ms3 - yemperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jo6 w1 uyfcbz e8qf,wh,l pch03sa0o-;b ule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of telf se,y,cq3-a bu hp0 b;0fwzw1oc6h8mperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dist lu :q;6rj9bh /eg3lksance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to theru k9l;re/lh3bgj6s : qmal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loskh*oj4ofmn 5d2 b,+xb s, how long would it take *kf b+d hxo4o, m2n5jbto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take th( 29/ma-3ago qt jje.;7ov nym btmn,o heat 20 kg of wy aemj3 ;oj.9vm 2tg ho,nm(anb/7t-qater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, ykg vzu5.jd e )vbpce5(70xst2pi/5f $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specif,ha+r98fz nnkic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change izfri dq35s8*;j xlp0pt to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat ge g(q n 6skh40glq.fl;haan)9- c (qchvx5b6 is required to melt 200 g of (6q6sghe9c q 0l.ga ;l- x(n)cvgqbkf4na hh5ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang rn 28qqkv2qg5e 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed flck/q 4nce.c 2/+s 7ys)dn pddrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When +pjma2 d exzn6ay1k jza8m;5450 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiahj 1 s1(b;lrp +yq+wjslly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atqa5( jili*w5 gb9evu- $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to cg t y3b:zc(b:i;(9qf/am hmhi hange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one :qub8z/3y qu *cfvn je) ac74ggram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required tt-0ob:k vub (to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by o-ne4 fm7j z+fadding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20m vjnm9z4zs ), 31pcuz7 kcal/kg, and its melting point i j)s mczz3mv14pnu9z ,s $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cmok,u(esoq ( 6oncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of a9hw-tcip80u bpq * 2pjluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end2q uph80pb*jcwti-p 9 in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 muag.zcqif 8vby:90 qal(w/u8nh7t ( n. If the outside t: u/fgt i( 9qvq7(.zy88bhua0wlanncemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionslncn. :*,dilg of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside ted:c l*n.gnl,i mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 mspx1gp 67 *+a4v,m5kbppa ixo section of concrete (4kiabppm , vpx *x+76osp5a1g$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat t*uh2idd/ k )tzhrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost througqgf6 (ptj)/bgh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, th(rmy d8ikcj)/ d4h1 hie temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power y 8hdkdihm )i1jr/(c4emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is at 1 / sqkrdag,ao5er,wt wb8,j7$33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar cx tf)0qpme2yd2:aj .h ollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.