Which of the following is the smallestlzl 9 91dq(1 bp3vh/boqik0 cy unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watbgw7nhm5q1-+u dn go; er by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinets len)eci74wf4c mb *)ic energy of individual molecules is referred to ce) 7mlfsw4) e4bi*ncas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tp0mvl k,4jz6x x-*xxkempera, l4kx k 6xzpjvm-*x0xture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe2 lmehuyy 5b63nds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until ;du hdg1q6u dz2ku7; vits volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. uqu dhdgdz7;1v6k 2 ;uAll of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intern dreqi. qcvs2f;6(atocktu8/ h q1 9m8al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures+2 5jskkkzz;y2,x rz f do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water /prdpfzsk0 5 (p07 knuhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is tru kpf sd0 puprk5z0/(n7e?

  A thermally isolated system is made vyj0yx g8d *:,r djcg0up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of h0* yj8dcg y0jvxd r,g:eat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance frou amkqc2a5n6d; kithw) ;qw0 5m the solid to the liquid state is referaw;h5k2ntc;k5da 0qiqmwu ) 6red to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid t k7s6/rhwe/z /ihy,p xo the vapor state is referred 6/i/7/y k, whr xhsepzto as the

  If heat is added to a pure 4yyn(sw72a lp substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes xdw6dw g:u-;eer5 :cz

  When a liquid evaporatp()27u n jhav,ahe.vy89nq e aes

  When a vapor condensephv :wg8wmz5;s

  In a cloud formation, waterl2lzjw ixbmdk,bj4p-8p; w l) s4l80m vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will c0pk jm j,x;sbllw4 m2l-8l)zdb84w piause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causesl0q 7shn;h1hpe;.dqf

  Equal masses of watel73wglffi6qmutin 157qe3o wm mkig* ;a0 a.8 r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat w8dq r7 jsv ,o56:ut*9l eo31mweg 8 pglpqv(oflows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as1(os5l9, l:qmg*d o p7po6rwuetw83egvvqj8

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one endtk9y-):zwm -s(li+ krd4m rfj of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fl:4)-mkd ik(j+ lm 9swfyz- rtrame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mys4*8h* t2sdgthd6 dcuch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical pro2ysh8 *csdt dthg4 6*dperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mdps yet1yt/o8 rb )1s4aterial, the rate of heat lo o1s1ser 48 /ydyt)tbpss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on 6kgq:eouy0(qx 3h 9 mya layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What(3e06uqxm ygo y 9qhk: is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by ttg b9gt(ste :(he mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to bt: etg 9t(s(gas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w/ * 5l 8, goaf1v42ppbygcqrsgo/vgq( ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur kqvb. v9 oh3 d(xwygth*)rr4:z.)nyg

  Which of the following best explains why sweating g7ee bu32qo 4jis important to humans in mainta47j3ob e2gqeu ining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerationiuo +b0 xr1an* +qtem9fy5gy9 of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by ai*1an+exbgm5yoy0 t r9fuq +9n electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built5 t(iolyrop80 from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, t0o l8 yp5r(oiand height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature 8df(xt;hn4 ay of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatinaf n8;tdy (4hxg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence ofy1c-4,slbs*f se y.ke any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does pcv 323g- dvqs.bdn*nthe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent touh 3lc. b(-7jo0pqei 5nyw 2ad how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hewvjm mof - (y 5q-grw8)a5ek4x0 c+jyow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise tmg 4lq muf qby /.97z13rhdxr-he temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addeca /x 9r-v.2yn yb.lpyd to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?x2yb-a/l9ryp.n cvy .

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orig;/bvyuqg+eyfys0( (z inally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materitev;0gkkeita4s , + i8al by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L)ioukqv:zv3e g-i 8(y of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg ofzap 3s*nxm p1: copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases baxsz*1 3pp:m ny $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to34i+p8mwvs v)c,iq cm $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copperuk8;vbq 9r31mw bss08y kwfqnlw,d:,, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material b/ c :1u jmiyua9my93lk+) cf0) symdjat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fromn0fip00 :urjfok(y j7z3qjp, its surroundin3zprof(jj 0y qf:iu7k 0 np0j,gs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jamek1bof)ye )e pmvlltc.n9 lg-7v 0u /9hs Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various/l9k.9llm p )n veygh) f071boucv-et forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ovea,v0bjv( 5j zyr Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temper, 5zvyjvba 0(jature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, hrlmo+ 2aa 9ay,ow long would it tak,2ry9aam+o ale to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wateu/ o9(ot,n uhcr. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watnucth9, o u/o(er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10xwc v23x*q e8 fozc:f+00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel a i*w:wpf)05k aon xl3knife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed ap* d 5woka+ t+yh gl 9e)ms((oq)xr;rfrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is require/llh)v a- hr ;fjqx9c29xdg3qd to melt 200 g of ihlvqlhr a;g3q)c x99fjd/ x -2ce?

  How much heat energy iinzyr7 hb10e9/ .lpfs s needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs a5p//dbgzum djqi2 i8 yvbcj3:,h+3f to be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of iccos mzfx3o(-d+ hr: ./d6 bx,gut h1vye is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init2 kal6raecfqhgkvhj049+6 )4pcph x; ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water avhq jkjtg5w9h),j1-;l-bs g bt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of k(,l)o3jvha5mqe0 c ewater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chaluapraz. mego -1sv0b12(sl /nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha0glko,2m x ov-nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg ;6 (:..n qjmz3w6a9zifq pki;/yq y0ccmylxmof hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizationmrh050 2gpaf m1cflh) htj-1x is 207 kl1t)f0m xj20h-1pfgch r 5mhacal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concu 0)ibv+x,cxbl4.i -6q zevcp rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. T-it3fmt3 pv31urm:lq wo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maint mpt-3:3mrt13 iuvqflained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1 embmcgeha (4 pi i3*2b(a;1rc.5 m. If the outside temper1ir *a ma;cehicebpbm3 (4 g(2ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidetc*yz; co7z.9tmfm u( temperm .( 7;zoctmuzt9*cyf ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectionw1ap jzxx) isw/91) o24zvhpg of concrete 9w4ghxx1v p w2zip)saz jo/ 1)($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat qq6f tz)n6 :xbthrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature iiu9/;xt3j )qheb2hi k f 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored aynlajfl/:c q2+1u +qby measuring the radiant power emitted through +a ul: cqql/yn1fj2+aa small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when i+/j76q,vvx muu - gnaht is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective coll7kudec: om,-b kd bf5/ 8j*lnhection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.