Which of the following ixg yp2ll4yfmh) 1/i5 5g t.pvts the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to rey 6dvr*t) 6gij lp3rr1 qz.w7aise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of ig( ;x8jh:elx xndividual molecules is referred to as(xxj;8 x eglh:

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Com03 joac(y0oj0q m*oc w-ey b-ppare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water qb o wo0(y 3omc-yjj0pe-*c0a, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal tvt9nh knc )5k)ekf/m*dk5:n gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the ini/pfkeca 3pt;q7 tc m(-tial volume, and t; pq3t7 a(ek-t/ccpmf hen it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in1sb9q9. mqle kuovyr+ 6/twr8ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically im 0l(:geyk 6i*slveo/s that

  It is a well-known facto o8(rrk 14-v2wvk gza that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equ18o rw4kkvr(v- z 2goaal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated2do8zq nl79 ql system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which objell7q qn8dz 2o9ct experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state iseiu v t0+n+8:hwz1wks referred tok +e18i: uh0nzt+wswv as the

  The heat required to change a substance from thet*pvy,(2 .7iqm: f wkq ge/rff liquid to the vapor state is referred7 *q / qmkfgwypv(f .2:iret,f to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a ste6s3 ( p 5pnxyip*jwfx,ady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezest,/ ,*ej dqrn( ro7lgswc7h (h

  When a liquid evaporao r;- wz4qgt:2n(,9o ray rv7lq-xxqpno ,-d wtes

  When a vapor condensetjn kr(bh 8j//s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropb7guklee.v( )n(/ zljp5 wec4lets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of th(.gnweu)p5cle/z(vk j b7le4e air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causesh ux/)t) nq*yi

  Equal masses of waternjw/d qqq-. 6l vsa,) febs3w(2j0q zc at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collision0qtx c: wan4h;s is referred to asnq :0x 4wtc;ha

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does i(ay 97-) z f-fdquorhone end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is place(df-u qir-zo ha)f 79yd in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to thcafu: *lr: aqn(3 va1xe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the dinq(ru::3 f*la 1 vaaxcfference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a+g c zxu(mn -,o..roqe wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differ + gmc.,uqeo(oxnz -.rence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal condc89c our o v6ore f7eiqg5bxe( ;w4i03uctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal cono gv3eroq o4 (ei9c7;5feurc8xi0 wb 6ductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass m 6umo/-7j s.io un-dlpovement of molecules from one place to an-6du j -sm7.oio/ulnp other is referred to as

  By what primary heat travs;*b7c. co9eon4b3z s /m-mzwl c;t znsfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur ra7,vg/plf0a

  Which of the following best explains why :l05 ff,kv fg /4u4m0kfmjaqs sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable f /,5vu4jk : 0f0kmlmgfa4qsf body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where tlo-5n0w2u rt fhe acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is hon-0lt2 f5urw eated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectang +gqhuznc7x/dy1pi li2+ o4 e;ular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic cou;+ iq+c 1 eo7ling /yxhp4zd2nditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempera q7eb n0hx,l.vture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating pne.,bq 7vl0h xower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medq6 gcj,oq7+izbw +tn(q+ qc 5oium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wax 1r40 rxvv 5/.93o mkdyebgtdrm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tfmxsc1r(.+u, ue i wj27-wxnto how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent toih k3om(mxusloc * .x+( k(;zeo, wq.b how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to razbpk(6up9jbp3 1-;rqjjww5h. oz z4z ise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water,a4lqkilt 8 pxb) l6r(* what is the resulting temperature ck68 pi(*ll lbxr 4taq)hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blom*bnu; 9xkplral rc1 g :1*dx5ck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materiepb )6e 8j* c0i6ytrbial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath-i12tsd6b tr.f* pqhy water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of irontv5 p-ohij :4v d gexf/mmz7qoc7.4, x and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incr 7hm:epg .o4m izjqt4fc5-xd/ x,7ovveases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated t (1l m3hc,;lw ;pfctgmo $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cs qh qv)1p1s(2 3amdwcopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at k0 f 3kvhf-e2 t5i psh(tea+8w$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a9ow 7lw)kqw; nhqm 57c system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objec)q wh 5c7 mlqw;9w7nkot has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to expltno; -zdh h,(qlh4am -ore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature r-n d;,(h4-tmz oa qhhlise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 + h) :.v-jpg2wdpikwjy..i zmm. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature doemhd.2ppjw)+i.v .g w:-jky zis the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how bxp)i f)emru9na79 :rv; ks 5ylong would it take to heat water in r x:s 5rk;9ifbm ))7peay9nu vthis tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takx3d0 ;.is3le y8 rknnte to heat 20 kg of water fris3kd3n8n0y .;x etlrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass24vvrj1 qa k)b3;pbxq 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knifwzby-x;db; ,*me oxob: mo* 5me blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chaf-dk v8;dx7n inge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heaf q /jd3ku6s1 bfy8ho1t of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icj fbu63hfs8qo y1d1k /e?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at)kkcc9 )rpqn3 $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs tmnwxwq, p7 uj p6jmyl296l28oo be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/u( d u)(blq5lmkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially ate +ku4o3x gkm,r*j s4a6t w bzbi8sz/7 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at8b028q sfw cr bo4 jbuh qf198naya90k $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy i2 k3f z8 )/int/wcpwnas needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required ty.7fa qh qi-v)0/ky lio change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to 6trk8yp )p , v3,zzfl 2mowqq,change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bypxhg c-g,.lq 8 adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vacap:t zggp: ;eo/wq( 9c1x/b 3szeu;oruxo 1 ;porization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poir :ez eqg:1gots;xu;oux b3o9p( a ;cp1z//cw nt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concretu)g:x + l;5kfiwwnh3 qslyw(2e y)0mp e is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice tha 5jgq:mpwdpa5,+ gyf)t of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the )d: 55p,mqaf jpw+yggbrass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If txe+hqnxo w-l:o-z*. the outside tempera+q.lxzwn-o e-*x hot: ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimension,c8g re vbu 4zu,c::qes of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside te:, ugz :uq ec8vbc4r,emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour tbeibt6- 5v*x)3wz uunqn l3y+hrough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete b6uue3zniqx t* b-+y)3n5wlv ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it takf94uq j*ffd2n dh*l+re to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heav;mqgsym;hulnc n0+bxt zo055hk 724t is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining stedv9b.. t,scxvgw+ 3z2ra 5ivlel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the vv3g95v .,c+ad rb2wzi s.txlradiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bodyz; ykb;; futm9 radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar coo; k+yqlucvu,xu 0d6/ llector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.