Which of the following is the smal it) yypae .:rx 5mw:8mg4h.vso9in4xlest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nekeswh z*y;+g5m3ac y6lqc xe *vt99k+cessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the aver4,a4hx w-q wi- nijf9gage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to q aif 9-wn4ixhj, -g4was

  A cup of water is scooped up fr4/ bdoqa7)* awn(xv dqom a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pvqwb4 dq/o *ad a7xn()ool.

  The internal energy of q dtsq1* f.d5san ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP i,oxjamxvp52/ i a/lt3f/ rgz7gbn69 ns first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas i6n l zno9/aa tmx5 xg/,3p/bi2vf gr7js U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U r:f2m2s5a6g ed ipt3q at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tx2n0 )02 mgwmds:,uv 6wnlx0 -ttekgm hat

  It is a well-known fact that water has ) md o/c3xg2xqa higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. xxgm2/c 3 dq)o The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece o.)j9ivm b7vk6tk y;k ef aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copp.vkbe9kkv)y67 m ijt;er. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the soli8dbq4q9i r)xh)s2s po k( zl3id to the liquid state is refer8 ()o9 xrqs)ikqdzsl4 3hb2i pred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the nzq;. ffd xtee49b29 wliquid to the vapor state is refe2f;x w9q e zent.9fd4brred to as the

  If heat is added to - visu*r(gzi4a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2;jj1 oisnof: o4x *k*gdoo 7e

  When a liquid evaporafp8ik 4 .vn5dqdzsps )) vv7v2tes

  When a vapor condenscw1w1 e:5l(7t hjfob7nrsn4w es

  In a cloud formation, wgw/lk/)bt+ xsr8qhwt mcz-7 d 23msy3ater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperatumlkzq3s/ h/d3x8 ttgwmr7)cs -yb +w 2re of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water c7 39ys9pwdav wauses

  Equal masses of water at pyo go;.v ;o9d$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions f-x2 z3hvc)x4me )d +c-ydtv o.a 0yadis referred to a d30 xaty)dzcmv.ye 4af)-hv-2+o cxds

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot w 5(i w2 ajcz8qj:lkf2fhen thea wif 2cj 5:(2kjzqfl8 other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than ;3 japl6b+e,nm:om cua piece of wo,6nu;m: j+ce pm 3lbaood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknesyx .uzd0- j0rdc2ip*es of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat y.i0ucdd0r*-pej zx2 loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivmf+rz y yd+l r/w.ir wdwwib).p//3f7ity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conduc/w pyr7 rr.// iywfw+fd+db)lw i.3mztivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movem/rv+1 a4xgknh/zl9yoz/y ;tnent of molecules from one place to another is referred toznzyknx///v 4 o a+hlg;9rt1y as

  By what primary heat t7qs42 okni w*ncsu5* qransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur8( emc3yu2wr vkxh3nn 4qlu,.

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is i7-yg)xaf cz*h mportant to humans in maintaining suitable g -y)*zhxfca7 body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the a)jkz/- /vbbabnb12sv u2,aix cceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection curran,z b2bv/vj1ub2-a s)b xi/ kents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built frod8b8af ,sah q6m the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a 8d6bfaa8 s qh,cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubledd.7lmlm tn;u2; ;+qn mq1g oa-nmlpx2, by what factor does the radiating power chang.mo+g; nmta7l;2 x;q-md2l qmpnul1 n e?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is re r/vr p6o-krw;ferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thea;j i+ele5 m3q Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent ,0 hpo ig0v)zkto how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hovd 3x9 hlh;fig2x2,0.* ltr nwf)xj iuw much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of leave-kuzvoc- 6+d ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kgpid,sr*,g0y 8 a6z wqw of water, what is the resulting temperature chawgy ,rz 6aiwq s,dp0*8nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blmoqgb/a3)k ew6 9ga 4w0 bgikxt+.f5t ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises 0 jq4h9spg9(mm eyhzjj12v /-qhq af +the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wat+0zkwwy0lgh 2t b0x,n er at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg 7g+h)rg p(yk9-rmvm kof iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature i- mk +m 9hy)pggk7vr(rncreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meth5a8 (d ;e iz 9f3z*m6qneswltal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copp( pqz ;ho)(b 8+idqhdqer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at3 aktis+j +lou qin;2 yho/(1z $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its su ynyb jeg vt3*)7w3*plrroundings. One object has an initial temperature ofyn7*)yvw *ep3 g bl3jt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted f +:b; ug5tt/j/f -)9ffcim.vyrmyje to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperatu)rjf:-mit 5.j c9ebt mv/g;uf /yf+yfre of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing overdab0x raxzf fq rz771 -gtq73; Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to xa3frq atz071d7zfq- 7; xgrbthermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assum/hy+(c(,mctyb 78r)b * iisvxp.pgsc ing no heat loss, how long would it v+mp)yhb.ps8c*t(c(gc, sxi 7rbi /ytake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tgtcqvo f+ (5-+pvyd uw) 3q0fgake to heat 20 kg of wa3-u) wcg+ dfg0 +tvvfq (opqy5ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 e 30nv *zte66qt ,/q7ummrvcjg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bla/oxoopmsy 70wwm z:4) de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to9kn5 m07r.y+mpwd pzt change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Ht;r q,fmwskca u7*8zbp. r5c* ow much heat is required to melt 200;8ru c7mz*pa.rc*5b , wt fqks g of ice?

  How much heat energy is nej *ow,/cd8/ kw 43ugmeqfvzo4eded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed cel.rvm/n+ q)from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wpn hqs.ksg0gi 35h9 ,nhen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water il bl28a6 com h*fm*van:+lf +bnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at b yl3si f; zhp)0)bq0j$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg *c,k+f2kh fg m6f ,glwcfd;*pof water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of itjog9k2jkh2lxwc.7 g4(b;x $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of 0r7wawv 5az5:bpb 0e,izj,w j$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teyb0 o7) ttdh3(pcod:ig/5gh da by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kft 6v mqe ,,bx8bb9*ec*r(ejv)gm4w pw kjt +;cal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting4 tj em 6v *rc*,+f;8(vmb t,k ee)pqxgjwb9bw point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i5xt 1;(q 8 3x)yn7zmavgdqooh s $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice trhw1 t f12 6o-e*ve0y4whcjomz+t, ophat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brw 64p*meotcz-o vw+h10,e1 oht2fyjrass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside xs5 )mec*yr 9 no0o +,*izlmnetemperanznm +*, oeym50ro)e xl*isc9ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hass6;mr:t tr,y4kx qn6d im r)e; dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatu , 4dtsyrmi:;;krrt6 )emx6nqre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through7 9.mqmu jho sjh6.:an a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 7.h hoanm9sqmj6j.:u ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat tx5qf+y* mg j087vie cnhrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a t.i), ri gc3q2sof0uj$4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used2clgh5xw 1ot2w3 ;muh for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole oo2w23ml; u 1xgh 5thwcf area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enic/:7pi *rfkgddwb;,4 ysvt 9ergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inyw0(kva1zc yj8 g0p* jside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.