Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energyazk(b: i qf7t.?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1y;sw8ks n :xe7 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic et0 cvi8;u2id w)9zgrp zeld +;nergy of individual molecules is referred to aselgvd0p+w ;)di92 ct u8;zizr

  A cup of water is scooped up from a ,e/;sbifx i3 s6vh4clswimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the int/hc i3 evfls6bs,; xi4ernal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an * bcua 0w3ms9bideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial v*sywidtl9/(ucs z; boy69 m* bolume, and then it isium(l6 bwos9bys9 d y*c;*z/t allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy ck b0(e/dt// smaedf;U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dr8eb:c nxs:rb5lhl 7, hastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capaci*n6+7xmy ve rdty than iron. Now, consider equal mas*xrnd +6 7eyvmses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolatedh 9,9.lh.otx9m hxise system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or esmx.ih 9oxl,9h.h9t loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chsrs 6)f5o fjx6ai9f2tange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to 2atr6os fx)s9f 6j f5ias the

  The heat required to chandr +ev6upw4oo0j7 8np ge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to ove7jpund08 p64 + orwas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stearkn:raj c-p80wp c0q3dy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze dd10wda nr3c c5kwwo3fu.3 q)5re6dys

  When a liquid evapor+f-ng (qxgq /kzin)o3zsu :z:8 i *rxvates

  When a vapor condensv ;n-,tns5fcq es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which :y3ojwt)mb y*get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature oo :b*ymt3 wjy)f the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of lxe6+:ahz:c8vd gj- j;;v tzuboiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at 4 /okzc3s-: .oll4wnierb ;ms$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by me b *8w+ fse 7c:fyjt9z0i0flswans of molecular collisions is referred to as:0selt0+fj bc wy s8* f7fi9zw

  By what primary heat transfer mechanis zbmuzkts7 n9+0ri./wm does one end of an iron bar become hot when the ow m9ir nzk7bt u+z.s/0ther end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coldeq3x bt2rmqs;qy*u.:zryd6 cgi6 1v ;lr to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?*y;2qzqc iru lty gq;sx: 6.3vr1b md6

  If you double the thicknessu 8ty ns/q0s5f77 e-xlmrdbb2 :nj7tu of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperatus27mde0qubrn7l75 -sfu 8nyb /t tj:xre difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed bx0.wfg 6bh-myter35n pu,7koji /lf z )39ebon a layer of anotherfm ntzb56u lbe0p-9,3rb)y7je/.i wfg xho3 k material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of m vnnynz0 *fkpzf/z*p +nycw7;(zgp mb/ r*2(kolecules from one place to /(vmfp;rbc0wy/znk*k7g pz f+p 2znz*(* n nyanother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wnhhow 1lzhj)bbje750 a8(ao5ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurj9va9h m(;o3bb5 rcsv.j6f2hj l ft (f

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is imps+ r(:+d;v .en fuwt-c lbvln:ortant to humans in maintaining suitable body tef+nv e l;bnd rvlc :u:.wst+-(mperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is hlr--a;ftof0a8 4r qp9r vce. essentially zero. As the air on onea; 0v9-4fh-r8 f ctlrqarep. o side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from yd(3 l/fdy;o c.wp n)ethe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about n/d(y.w3o;cf)yl d pethe rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the rak chpy t9n);j;diating powe; kjpy9n;htc)r change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred vz1 c55*ygc*f(gc z +gr6tl3 8u2n mcoy-yaxi to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Ea ngw*i(rzd f.+rth?

  1700 J of work is equival ,;g ;yxrgs4 ueco()rqent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is gid0ix wq+w)-equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature o xaie 7(gxi-)bf 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the.z/p xx:m8*yxgj+ xuy resulting temperaturpx8uy:j yx gxmz+ x.*/e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origics72qdr*xzo 8 nally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 1u+ha8 u)nmq2*y k unkzip e952.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at v0k37(9 i* dwwbc ouci$80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heaj s:yngv8/ j5whdt,5rt is added to the gear if jjh5/,vdts:ry8nwg5the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatevtu7 ;aawd+,,drps3i d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i5mce pd rcn:.hdv +(4mk/t 3eqnitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at -xexog 8k .s6/y ow8ij$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated f/c v;0xa5 l6im mp97uqjad e4wrom its surroundings. One object has an initial tempepid/m407v waj c6 9 luxemq;5arature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempj0u:ambk e(9b7y)v(d;c(vuw 2 hthz szs:-pe ted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfallsmezd9bt-ka :w ;uu v0(j2 z(p( ev)y7:bhchs on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over khe ny qmj 7 g7z:5hexa:f.bl02b-6ymNiagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the g2ylmgben .0:h 7 6:k bza my-je57qxfhravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lob 1sz,gpl: nx16( loahss, how long would it takh16l g a:nsl(,ozpx1 be to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat w4c0clx-2 m0ng5jq7qpw ahyb) ater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water 70clqa) nqjh5c4x0wm2 -pb yg from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000158r :fnuo9vno69iyop s8l 4 ox*q0jhbbx fq8 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hj9uxkg, d 6y7fqdyc , a o:/acoddz8:9do 1y2heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steamk+get vv /c/t3 to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required yspq4h +mv) 5e;x ji/om(nrg+to melt 200 g osh 4 )r+;im jq(ypgv +x5on/mef ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changegiuqlqm i(088vm s 3n) 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bep z 9. t d1cv,:je r1tg-fezkht20dl swk5j0,f removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.u5 6v9lzrt.n u When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water 7c3ftgs1 piz,3 5chtlinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at k5z*pp+hbb+wh1 lfh8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chaxnnm6,5wp4ivng)-jg a te0s/nge 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of 2( idphg-b9l2t hj9:vg -a zsi$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ0o3z5 )dorf qw4nb6ju ired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by ac+) dm:9hcrss ckf*ftc j074 pdding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead isb avlv)gz)i ,* 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcalzabv *l)vg,i )/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concre 2yvfkl4;h ne.te is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alum (.bvn bx*pu9avtpj3-inum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the bn xv.3ap tp-(*9uvbb jrass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimezyus,25p c ,nafik4+xy84n.mz s4vf ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatury xv syn 4 mk5epn,fu8ziz4c4f+.as,2e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dim10az uu9ej/gi ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuuiaj0euz 19/gre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0vvo;jek*-4b n hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (*k-b ojev4 vn;$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat ulhp -. my31qbjbu4h*through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is los25dr - xv3zzgoy085 vm pqn7fpt through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refftt nx 81n:ak a)ig+gciol * n7s*ydj;m+) 6oaining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radia)i+;n laton6ao *mx*ytf1d7s j+a g:8)ckg n int power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating c sij0i( u-ixm7wi)/h energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectivx o/l1r6xwr 5)ym;maoe collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.