Which of the following o5;3 yrvvvygdub :8u3 is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise :al ;jopdlul lf+hp 8y/ka6)4the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individfq -:u i;z0z*bs4ykgoh-nly 9 ual molecules is referred to-in;y9 g lqs*oy-bfk0z z4:u h as

  A cup of water is scooped up from ;8 kjtp57hmz5)qb(gi7n n jvv a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U z75kg5h vpt7)vqimnn8 ;jb(jof the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas d)igh mp/h0+x depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its n-z)c.smdx,g volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gdz.n)x,g m cs-as is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energ,q: qfl1i4akdy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drast y dklc2q28lo3ically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specifzodu*s-;c.cb ic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to euo-d. zb*scc ;ach. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece o43 en5l uc o8ly6s p4qp3if,cb5mb *wrf aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greacy38lw*5b bs5c 3pn4 pmeo,qr 6 l4fiuter magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is remnmckddj5d9u. o(-6 v ferr9 n5 vd6.-mjcdudmk( oed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor staxup te5gz04x(5b( evt ibh s;,te is referred t(vtzbetshbui(;g, e 5xx04p 5o as the

  If heat is added to a pure ; .u 4x6jowhl:xxh+,h1xexqrsubstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesz8 gzz( pzyqgj/ 70e vf,16ziv

  When a liquid evaporacqe :3 k-*bxui svm5:jtes

  When a vapor condenses/,)no u , ) 3m,aofi4 dujrlsa.aq9wu. j9puwz

  In a cloud formation, water vapor:3: ex vrny+4ltnwt+ f condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it r3t+rv n: f+exw: 4lntyains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame u /rt-)e0 yr18oroyfjunder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at bsxmx(b7.a0ls c:lon if /+0w$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mols7 qjg tor6zq-:a.qx:ecular collisions is referred to as:szt xqr.aq6-j7q:go

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of i70p97czl/ pne;wzk.gdqkr1 an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in alw 1cpkg0dnz9 er7/ q;zi 7.kp flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much c1(zgu ro6 7k7e jbkosxq7n)s ) 6f1miwolder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following pzgox f1(boj q7se riwu616n)m7 7) skkhysical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from 0j ldmkb85t.i a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across8mt. dk0il5bj the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wi opj4-3htugts7 ew8 v8rh8w 0eth thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the comp38thwj 8s 8ophw-v04gu7t reeosite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows bfm 0;+e*lmb)i04 f;)arata 1ik vffipmo; q m6y the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred ;0mt*6fmaoie;f+1 ));fiilfav m ab mr0 pkq4to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecha fff; ,l sjn(ylt.+d0tnism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurlfh8rky1lvv: 31x sa*

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mang h vz;tw bjs9z(w+xz:j63 n+intaining suitable bod( t6j;vgjx +9w3w:nn+bzzh zsy temperature?

  A spaceship is drift mr8wd+;drwxhg-u 5*g:fr)i oing in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents causedorwh;u) d8g:xwdrg+*5 -fir m by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built 0ijdzymhq k0-. /j8zpfrom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintaih .yiq00/jdp z8j zmk-n the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radi1 m)0 eng6e;mb6fre koator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power c6ro;mbe0ekef g ) 1n6mhange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abse0obypk 0x/bp +v4sw (jnce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun ward0.cjt s5jq*lm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muwi1;s s )-xbgach heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent.g7tx2nx ufuw:rn hn :1x1oo / to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lea)l78peqjdd m 5) te z-9w+kjwod ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wate1g7cxw7 n kyp)r, what is the resulting temperature chyngp)c77 k1xw ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is original l7qi5g ikd; ce4wjqdt5 iwy*k4 2jex4z:.a3lly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat rais y9agxd 37*vuses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wateg ugfv9x r+vyib wc9w9 i6y/3,r at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg ofr skrc c 7y6 2vhkes0g vz024ssn31ok0 copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the te2n7rk12sck r63 s 0c 004hgvksvoyeszmperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is he i58ppmf r/bb0ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coo:x h1n rxyxvd.( g1x9pper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atkb r3g+ok7g3 .g 4negm $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syst p:js jd-ed18dem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object h8j pd ded1j-s:as an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshym2 vac d1kuj3zi(pqfj03 -(wips between various forms of energy by3( azu1wkvj0j 3-ymqp(f 2cdi measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallqd+02emm 2 pues drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does th22u+0qeme pmd e water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater us6:ebi-x )7v;dse5 q cowx;mk hes 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank from miv-6keebd; :w;xq x5h)ocs7$23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg ob4b7 ot ,onws2f wa,obwson t27b4ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masska -dd wg dc-3b3///y ran+nby 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bf.o:hgvu sv;5lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqui:r aqt:lg-5xnx y* t9a+4j hgjd?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is6wolr p 3nc2n1 required to melt 200 g of o6pwl rncn312 ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to l)l4gv5 y)j.4 ex9 l g0eqbvowchange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed frot/b .u/c fowypo/p-u 9m 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice in0 g-8fx ,f)rd sklcz1 czq) *;ux;qios 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a( ak)ygj6ki10od0a p k fuj4m6t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aprzx( kj sr*r,im wnbkixz9 6:x (2w.2t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of w;a/3h o pegqa6ater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gr4q. vrc0:mw koam of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ+al 4 w3*lvmj. ris0jhired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adbi2s*x+f zjz/5:byk dding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg,b-ux7mu :d r8q(qo pj) and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melti (pm 87xj)du:qrb-qo ung point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concqoxoi,q qu1o/m j23 /drete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one a4v v0gv)v1i zjv+l +hvluminum and the other brass) are joined togetv1 hv0ivvjv4l+) vgz +her end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1:k 9t eip;t 1)mu3jr7qpy clcc0(e g9x.5 m. If the outside temperat9k0yqle u9c1(i7ppjtrc e:)c3xmg; t ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. t2canztgql,tt u3u sv7h*oni 72 0j32 If the outside tempqn*2iz3ast3 njt7vhuol2,7 t02t ucg erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour 5j-csao- 4mgxthrough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (a- o5xgj4cms-$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througblydf gf tcm :fk3 c6tb(*n e93z3f)z2h a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through .w m,l5wpgq4ma $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace use0npxnv twr5+0 d for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant p0x rpvnnt+ 05wower emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radia9)zwmcx*7 xw mting energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists wuvjm-fj/vl/ wmf ty -,tr5gr,pr97vi- 6na, inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.