Which of the following is the smallest unit odq:yrv*j9;b v1js h;(v hzgi 9f heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperaturet ,i4eh7v n9 6u0ih4.rhcddk6tk i*sj of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indik1sducuscjp) vvd(w8m (:idd s/1)n6 vidual molecules is referred to asv)n/ dkcu8s jcs ()wvd(:s md 1u6dip1

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Comh3x6 1wk07*px;yo oh7iup t0/ciwiwh pare the temperature T ahhc6wwh 3tywo x p0x0iii* /7puk7o ;1nd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depqrs,l, xmtbk9xmh25zs h :t 5*ends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its v0ivo3 3o /kv(ev h :qwvxj*3il7jzn*,png w w1olume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final ixnjwiwv,h:1*/ieoq3gpo3 wvk7 03nlzvv( *j nternal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal elx /mm2kt.z 5pnergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallytful xu;o*p fc26p /ow :h)k6r-j hbl/ is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capaciw rm.es uf4f+- rv;qp1 tk2,ovty than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amourvpo,f1wvtefr; ms4+2u .-kq nt of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminohs sfu:x5/ cm6;1hcgum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacityss/h5;f cougx6 h1c :m of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substv7mt4ct;z7 ehance from the solid to the liquid state is referrehttm4e ;c 7zv7d to as the

  The heat required to l+n0n vib ( gjg5d0yy1bp*sa5 change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred 5sybg ypgnb(jai0 0v*ld1+ 5n to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead9-0j knff-bw6oe f 5hdy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezej0kd/u 1to7)n856thlb5iy ( ljiptp b s

  When a liquid evaporates5tib*yzl *tf *

  When a vapor condens a5qr-(lx)h8c pdtt z+es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor ceg26bo pu 5.u6ac2nfk py07sd ondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tep06a2nbfg7e dp 6uocs 2 .yuk5mperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame undl /t4(*ul7na o igjo+ 7,tisueer a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water aep1 + i-gr3.ubm ;ubcut $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by sojig d.u/m81oe*2q b means of molecular collisions is referred to ase8/sq i12go ou bdjm.*

  By what primary heat transfer 7m,q nwiad q)c, 3kr/jmechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is pl/7),,cwjirkm danqq 3aced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fe9 6waac.*r-::fuf q0ebhole;c :jn w,y6xo n eels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one * e:fco6 b,nuonl xfae.j:09:6a-rq;whe wycof the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materkzvmi+bzzq mc q/13m fj/zvji4:-o4 ; ial, the ratez4m:jb /+z3qim kcmq4fz o;zi-j/v 1v of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating .a: d 7 ycn-y9y4kwhw/xsq(jh material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the compositea7ywx: / cdnj yws(h-.q 9y4hk sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement1rp 66plprx c; of molecules from one place to another is referred6 pp1; rpx6rcl to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wate m6 algpyo- 1bnb.-54 5qoq3ujmkalm/r heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurwy,8+8 l oj9sdfyf(r3yq/o ws

  Which of the following best expl8q0uz pxu* bn6ains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatqxpz*8 06unb uure?

  A spaceship is drifting in k5b.kp. nzhla 3p3wk6 an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by thi kkl3bpw.kz.3p an65hs heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same ma.t.( *bme ojfrterials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Undem*fro.j (tb.er identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled cruya9sl n24p 4g6rp8, by what factor does the radiating po6cn9u2 apgsl48r pry4 wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any med4/ x4her )kbtxium is referred to as

  By what primary heatyh 1/83qe xzwx transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howeds+uz( 354m jf. p:qf u9qm(xd ej7cy much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muc (ok7 k6ynqpu4vkdk9;h work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to rabrz-n1ve+ .(iw5xogw zv m-l9ise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addebm8y kh mp.8kb8hym (*d to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature cm*hby h8(my8bk 8m.pkhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally l40 3 fqigf-htat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises 3nf8aj 0p;htwth7/i lthe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addih)m plv- go6,dng 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heatf(5xt ; rkg)7ofsp/ur is ad( ftr7rsu)g;5pox kf/ded to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated ny6eux 49bbrw,gp/ dhz6 (kf lj 86jz8to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cx f8nq r1mgcx1dq1oq:3ley7-a s j3b)opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atxf n,/ae(l 5zs $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects maf.fwvl3ny p (:ke up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initialy 3np(.w lfv:f temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to:n zzxmc3 yi4* 61dy4upmq2kb +fzj +n explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of m +qi*np21y:kbdzx j 4fmc3z 4n+6z uytemperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming thatcu gyi*:-cjs w/9 y(bh all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tem/j ywu( 9gsb:*iyc-hcperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water he,l b.5ufo3d gnater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fr3dg.lunbf,5 oom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is useh 2h/qzv q yj5zj8r5o:d to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water 82qy vz/j5 5 hhj:rzoqfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10007rbxz4t5x uln53gg + b g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kny5+pjb)/czfr7e)45ph zbh.rcu hd8 bife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to mo5xe+*7es 6 t.cv-lroudl.dliquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat iszx/p;sx2* -yzk bj eb yk rss0i*9p:z/ required to melt 2009x s -*bk/*ye/zksp:z0 p;bi2jyz xrs g of ice?

  How much heat energyqukmtl3n 0- 7az) 2smsv0,zqd is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to b ;4d(*ceuior r(l2l nlo bmc/5e removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice iz t43ha6g an 9a6nals4s 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini)g4btlwuit4 pp * /ni(-f6pghtially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water akiyp 7 mzdq j-8+usi6.k,s3sjt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is nzk xv+4.t; pd dmw5tk*eeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of 3a)bmp17 rs)oybvlcp:k( w) t$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100d4 s+qs fj3x1wgxde23 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initial y3gj74i7o;rmlhxe( .r ca-z gly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion ovaou pl14j7l7r+nnm 3 f lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and jn+n43lv7ula7 m1por its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of8h m/afu v+jsj9ezm 4+ concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivit*rebm-a1-u7a njubpe03jfo : y of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) -apo0nb 3j-e*j : 1mbe7ruaufare joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by83,v: twx34 ndag ttfv 1.5 m. If the outside temperature43:g 8,atd wtxtvfnv3 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thitr/ c78jjvjm1 ozy9c )ck has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur c/7j orvj9tj8myz1c )e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectio-a r cwv1lse/5n of concrete (wv-ser1a5 /lc$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,00vqd3kx. d mpbcrw y5 +5,,/qte qb*7te0 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through+gpx,m07a pic, .dkfltw zq45 a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace us yp0 b+etjui-jqp.hv28ga zwxe9b04 +ed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powptvpa2xj .y0ee+-9 qbzghuj b8 wi+04er emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy 1k xy8b j/t( :bbbawpz*7 td3cwhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists insmr2)c2 ydn.y:s m+a1jgqox .f ide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.