Which of the following is the smal6pgplgn8 oq71tc f(ckmr .uh rx19j-0 lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of waterix:8 c9ln urn1 by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individualos tz 7t8c.ed6 molecules is referred to 6. 8tsoetd7czas

  A cup of water is scooped up+ h5+v cbu7 j-rueim2k from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the intev27ue ihr ++-jk 5ubmcrnal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an v;bdjo0fn p: t/*6qixideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the dki 3;0s1xe axinitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the tempera xa xi1d0;3kseture constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at )c d(76b2j0t3 3qjat rtjipft$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastic oili-n, hqe+ kztcp*2tq.b:( ally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capaci/rq /3sxzt4cy c l95rity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Whichqcls tyz459 r3x/i/rc statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece onttkh-.5e1 .p5fnnz ff aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal nfp. entfz 5k1-5t.hnequilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substa umra0 drdjaigx;:c5k+(g5ltx 4dn96 nce from the solid to the liquid state is referred tu(6 tl5gi 9drdr an dckj0a:mg 5xx;4+o as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stau n ;0uw8kchoj -k*sc.3ynb .ate is referred o .nuuw 3sk0hb 8 c.a;n-yck*jto as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance gixx8vw9f-(hobe; / xat a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesuagz9-1n;k:kvq v0oi

  When a liquid evaporates4(plb m-u6 k+ftibda30.9ax e9zs dlx *vae1d

  When a vapor condenssrp+v. xmnvq; 2 s8bs7es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigo5*gbsfk ps. *ger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of p gb 5sos.*k*fthe air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a padr1-39ixxi2uum*9ytn r g lm9n of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water anz.s3 ll 8k/emb )j2fuuj 6c,tt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisi3g6c2qiklk/lk; lx y7ons is referred to asck ;7i g6yl/qkx ll3k2

  By what primary heat transferuv:0bzqq7 03 k gw9gv* zzxl2a mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the zkuvg 937ql xqa0:*zgw0vz2b other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metiz ut kna554sbs28zy4( *n zzjal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propern * sbjzy4u4a5zntz25i8(sk zty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rlhj 12t-e 4terb l+-snate of+ -ejs-nlt4h le1tbr2 heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mat+ :i w,: (bo7vocputfnerial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. , p(n:fi t7:vuo+cow b The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mo3hz4l5 fdo+mr ad2 .ij/ fzlk5lecules from one place to another is referred to asmll+k 5o idj4rz/h3.f5f a2zd

  By what primary heat tran9zzgq oa:).m rsfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurs/3 0+h an:xhw gw5sec

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hu y6r7hc,3shlrmans in maintaining su, r36yh clrh7sitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the -*q,a b1 d7mt 3 giy,axd-dvqeacceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, wh3,dgy qi,-ad7 vtdm*1x-e qabat is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the ex) bmcmi57n shc-(j x,0q9q xsame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of t5 -9b qi)hesmxn7cq0 ,(cjxm xhe other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempera4 g0y/url)v yxture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating pow0y )/x4ygu rlver change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred0r dwie5 ;sbj s(5ma,p to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismr ;sn, *kbv+bf does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalendo5dg(c 7zx n7gacl8s m3;2x si b0b/lt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much w it6k. .w2 2)a0xvswfgt 7unykork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1eyg6g ,wvs; 4l00 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempera;,z q/r 0ovmw:uo +yw9b2nmwlture co;+nu vwl9ww y0b/r,:qz2omm hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at rw+qng4(w,k,+ ut.)fu jar , dh;ciha $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material bv ,u77jcv5ns vy $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addxh0hry +)mqqu /o2te -ing 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron z he5)u8k(vvuand 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tu5)u8zk v(h veemperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metu ibhm3z 8gv50al is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initib p cy03w5/mphally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at ;d9*d-hvz-n 6 felmwi $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermay x6q fq;og:u,vme:9 illy isolated from its surroundings. One o:fq y 9: ;vix,mug6eoqbject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted x8z *4vnkqnx9to explore the relationships between varnq4x8xkv z n*9ious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Atwgmj zagdy*l(5vl41fg8p: ;b fy :r 0ssuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, :d m5t(gra j; ffv g*4byp0g1w8zly:lby what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses :qj:y nft:r.l.i, dwv 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to :,.wj:d: nrtlqi vfy.heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to ht .w5j g6k ; cpiy b3ants61z.*pw;vijeat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wjyv*p.tws1a56 6ikj;p 3 cz ti; n.bwgater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (gf60bxrt4bo9s(2b:k( cqz w k mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific h:/ sj fhvrmkp-/h)n.zx5 p/o oeat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to cha-e: bzfu utt32nge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion off1f)h1mr.qj)4 njbu(yvmxr 5 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt rr u)jnjmy(f.)hf51 q1b4xvm200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed gdf)31s4b.t 1:xdl ajronf ,m to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofhmqbga4wwqz8/bp i8 h15 s8ms :5akd 1 $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at rr38mil)wa3y $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initie,hd rp cssvv3(fo g2vgl1g , w3r160eally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aq)sqfl3bc4e( 5 g9awpf4v jv4t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy1oz.di h 1, exxu1m6ms is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cy5lq */r 7 *b29.ber lhtlqvauhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to zu 4d(by*)jxn change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg ofhu78esh u28(i ujkib6 hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of l )c+ti 7g)oo c4sycib7ead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point i )4+cc7y i7obgtos)ics $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete ismp1:w v by9zp :qrk/t* $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductixnpy ,h4+9k ujvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths,+9jx yknp 4hu and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dim2.q5q xsy.innb /u 9leensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tyn 95.2.qui/qe b xnslemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outkwi* ph;p iv6y)dgy k0:*vww5 side tem)p*k6 wi:05yy i;pd*w ghwvk vperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flowa rcczsp) 4f18 in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (cz)8rca p 14sf$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 caldkfs: 4kdz6 okd,h ,6c of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempera+yv lxvm )v7t(fb27qkture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace us1 eq(hv-o kf -;g)zukaed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of arevu fhko g-;q1kze-a()a $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rad ; x 339f7*ia2i8 inyuvytewxyfhd-8u iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area -ev;ta ,z0wfmof $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.