Which of the following is the smallest un0mxg robrly01 f(q2 3tit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 f3b.dt4w8nw kt bthq*m wj ; /2nwq*qw-vdv)- gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kiny3xgs0j u d)fo3( a/:jyqom /setic energy of individual molecules is referred to y3d3 m aj)qoo/(u /jgsf:s0yxas

  A cup of water is scoop p wi5edo5+w5jir+4 jqed up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cw5wp i+r 4qji5o5dj +eup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o3o6a5 kcd3;wl0c wwyfn

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until i5r8bflt,a .e pklp95 qts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal ene85 k.qetalp9,5f blp rrgy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inter-n v uprzjkp/8m 5ch7)ciy/dk95q5s znal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesz ffhhys1.7rr w4o,,y do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thheip rk0nmd 8hb7//g b1*p0 1..sxq d(gju fuaan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iro1u.j d8b/bdu(mr xqa*fhiph /00eg.7nk pg1 s n that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot 0 d5sm-rpva 93uhp0qf(w)fiopiece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal coof5 r( mpp i)f sw9hu300av-dqntact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solcwhrr t74e3,ydo(jy q5s 2df/id to the liquid state is referred towfyd rrjh53,(yc oseq 42t7d / as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor s 7u (j1x4taq7iztk9 tktate is refztj 9 74k(aq7 ktuxi1terred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at ko)nfp r9lrk+vn:m kn5,s -1 va steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezep/mf4z jk1n7pi y,h, is

  When a liquid evapor iz*ha-kqsln 4+b u1 (pjo+zrr ww0n7.ates

  When a vapor condensewvb36 2oi p2zes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggeo qjo9ja1y vrlqctp36e.z/)/ fmgo.2r and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in t/j23meqv ly 9r.ojg 1fzap/.co)q6 ot he clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a yg7)c oc68ozl : rup;npan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water v+zsm2m2 0 9gvdl+i6fuwolg -at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flow)j ziorc8idg un9 wp33 s,d7v:s by means of molecular collisions is referred to asd ,w9c)8 nvus7ijg 3: oizp3rd

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one eto0zx tcp- 6uj;fc2 k4nd of an iron bar become hot when the other en46x-okuc jtf; 2z0tcpd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coldere*6nzipb + qqo//n0i r to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difqi zr/0eb i6/*nn+opqference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homodx 9s (4:rifkggeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differ i49gd:(fxksrence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal c hnw0+ed8 don/g7bd p7onductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite shhdod0d/g n7+e78pnbw eet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecnq:tq ls(h 0r8e7x+zv8id3;q fh gy3kules from one place to another is referred tqidt3zq0syn:7rv q+g 8(3fe x8 hhkl;o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot-jwb 29yl: exq of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurktnw 4)yd-qi -

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to j3iyp4n p td, 69rjm.lhumans in maintaining suit jdi.p mj9p4ty,3lrn6 able body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accel2h)ivy8d82 a9b(wqvo9l*g:dombox e eration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin ismhv8q y9o*dde9a 2l:) ob8xiwbo 2g( v heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built z-1arl k/3ljbfrom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, widthbll/1 -rzjk 3a, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whaa:7i a 5jvb6n-yb 1gr qpu9i+at factor does the radiati9a- v+b :5i ira16 gnquabypj7ng power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is ref o4kjrg+42j 7*h g/tf,* 9okez likwwferred to as

  By what primary heatvi+v 0p25 ca0n xzxz*3smf)p a transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tyz bqzd08lj7+ o how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to houk*cb xz+2im 4w much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raimff3hs ;qdha3l .o b.m 0y4zs+se the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg,84f(ik zqsl, 7uthm)b9 yk(1d ficb f of water, what is the resulting temperature cyqh,d lf iz17)u bk(kt cis489fmf,(bhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blogafsev20e+yl5ir53u/i g j 2qck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0u;u u1x /c3xqsz+ ;dsf kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L t o1dglrm : tzb),)3dfof water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists e y,ls(.l2 -.c6z-7df fcnaxhbecy -aof 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added toxld c(-yaf6l-.-zh s2.f cc bney7ea, the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatu3wmv 8euru- 6ed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initia0i tigtnk uk)m): 0r3cd bc .+q6nv:yhlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atm:3*dmam/yc 3d uw hfr:s*v4nnjc+u 0 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects mak,wku ckk :ojp /-rlc6bs)* 5q8 kvoef.e up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundi 8 )ew ksf ckbu,ko cr65.:/vlo*qpkj-ngs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explo3 u vruww4eoy5ba5w )7re the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise 5 buao3)u7 4 ewvr5ywwwould one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ove7qpdby*1rt22gbzdvfhxrs 56 mn1 i3 02y ai6ar Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water ri6qba hya5gdp sb*7 yztx d0 r32v21i1rmf6n2ise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kray5 pqe:ga*dwa,(i gzl4r/j2,hrm (W. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it taa2wa:,e4pj,5iqy hd l a*g rg rzm(/r(ke to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will i*9nsbs3qp -yrr, jia9( l vwn6t take to heat 20 kg of watelnjb6 sq(39pv,- rn ria9yws*r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mlf s*e fgh4*p;ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knifxevxf.tmib 5/xm b(* /e blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chd*zq4z- bbcd5ange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of;hb m do3o,qs22w +bvz 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of zvwbdm o23hb,q2 +s;oice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1bu +i63pw pt9e0 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be r vsc).z 7mn;crc:22l t- acqguemoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g l06zj gcj40:p l()byta m;trv of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiadk + 4q tpka4 z)k0t1v0pyb4fkv g*dh6lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atakp*hs.at,qh 6 +)iua $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of 23*szu87qtirn 4 nwku water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of ud0rr yxs-lklo3 r7/) $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10jlb 2wzs41xf 5c y)ox8nv0hb.0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teo:458ovf nw c* wu*kej6hx7z na by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5. ek u0sjaz /+2r/;)lz* dkvdir9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal; dzz e u+)akv//d*r0iksrl2j/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiv yzmrxo6r (d2 --v0b )wz(yjiiity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of bra4y4l 3kd:kt4w2xud 6gd.ggq+qmufl *ss. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods l6 du qdtd3yu k4* gm4+g4lgqw:xkf2.are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsiyvv9c,b )s/f yde temp ybsyf v9,c)/verature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions yxajkd/;8y1 xg z23whof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is gxzayh;1/wdjxk 83y2 $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of 5ohd-: 8mcv-f6(1t pw pqpedzconcrete (16q pcd pz:vm--f(8o th ed5wp$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to 1wk/b *fl pty0transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is 4 co5093mo( e 04 nok5wahy:wxuidqz zlost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored *rviy;) sqf0k(z5hju by measuring the radiji ; fk*u0ys v)h5(rqzant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rad ixp tz3zi,)6*dyz;yfw1b;or iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar r no)u tuyb9b7rm;j :-collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.