Which of the following is the smallelx huoz:p6o8mh,39i -yh7 yrv 1.ogubst unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tem3k) x.c8zmcae,4p ufo perature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecul oa89itpr1 jr6+0fa l;m ioo1ges is referred to asi6jr m0 t9fp1ga8a r+ilooo1;

  A cup of water is scooped up from s)) sl ytdlc,1bzv, */han0pxa swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and t)t/lp 0ha s lx,ds)cyzb,1*vnhe swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idejjw) qgo:uvw pp9f8k0 d3/6xv al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed unti+ jy9pyu hvg-l5g yp.8l its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas willp-ghpguj.v 58 l+9yyy be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uz,7(kptg) rh6gn1x v o at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastical:zjaer +w 6ngg8 f.e0hly is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat ;ygs1.(p1e)ft uuv6d2 izm fgv75q a mcapacity than iron. Now, c ;)v1se ay 2m7u6im 1vg (5qd.ptufgzfonsider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated s n;76i* cetaqlystem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminq*it;c76e an lum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is r hzi u7xiqu988kz6 cn.e9c76q8 ki.h8 uiz zunxferred to as the

  The heat required to change ar kk*sl6*x+up substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to a6u*l +s kr*xkps the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at q;tz/ 2z j.xpyac:y5 ua steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesj5cxc (+ s5oe2ithw(c+55mvr h :kaeh

  When a liquid evaporateud f ,a* pdbfl, 153qry3k:vzrs

  When a vapor condens8-mpyo j,6rd 4)ulb* f8vasryo)*idhes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigg,;cz0r ggpd n8er and bigger until it rains. This will ca08 g;gc zprdn,use the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame underf4jx;p/cgn6i*q) wkoc- hrd: r ib*m1 a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watere- +/w kw xehoy/*4cjk at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means nd3i sii,l :-tof molecular collisions is referred to as-i tni:d ,l3is

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron b ,+mk ue5s8pnqar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame?pm,k8u 5sq n+e

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much yhd wv+p ho8tj88dk7/colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the jw+ t8y pv 8k7hoddh/8following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogene7 :alvpc)dz+ sous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness wil +)czl 7v:apdsl

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity Ka6vy jytwjo. 473 i2xlbv2/as is placed on a layer of another mater j a2st2yli37.oajv/wy4 vx 6bial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass m xz/z+faqg 0(yovement of molecules from one place to an+ z qgxa/yfz0(other is referred to as

  By what primary heat tzz4f+u ( ;+q m dfxq1z-z.aikmransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occure u( yd/8ec2l,p-vv6 v,, wqsey5brx i

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans 8vkcw*sbep04 in maintaining suitable body t 8wscek v0b*4pemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an en6cvh4quj;9t3krc , qi vironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what ikuv43ctir ;qc,69 q jhs true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hous1 c+k1yfyj6w-d* hfw ses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be suppliedd1y+1ycww6hf-* j sfk to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fy; po06rfb6hvp-ue 0eactor does the radiae0u0pyroh6 v;be6p f-ting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is o);jsz38rrp ehrqsl . mq/yg2:s3* m ureferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the 2qdl.j )r)ncbum9+ kj/h 7nm nEarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to ho hp.;kms+5t* i nah(aew much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is ez/f yvj3zn-xq5brgd 5b y5/ ;equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to r8ahv /1xld) wfxvf-u)aise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 ktph748 4j y f+yq1;kst b9h (/kfytnksg of water, what is the resulting temperature change? f9y/kfhtyhk+ skp(sbn1; tj744q t8y

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyr.w0 q6qieqh + at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatu-()pau( x vgs,v;esgsw6j g4qre of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wtq(.pp ld1q+ water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of irj *eoquas7egm: o z53ndd4)*don and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the)7q4*dez:*a njoe 5uod3 sdmg temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat7c*i bh )jtwsk. q80yked to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially: j,b:hg+bs mmzac )8s at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atgd2sx (+k2f aj4f8qx+ v ,vqhu $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally :pq vv )x5y2h2jumnwry;5 0e hisolated from its surroundings. One ov;0)yeh 5w :vm5 qxprjnh2u2 ybject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jwh sljoeiq+-nz -(0hot x8as y+,c g5(w,jhx0oule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperaturew8 e50w0yhn+- (lzi atc,j,sq+jx-( xhsgoo h rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over k-u4rnmy, ;. -tmyj-hfa yh7 mNiagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tem-y hkthma y4ru;,m -.n7yj-mfperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would apa v6a;ogb1o (/. 8,f cseezcit taka (8 sge;1opc,6/avobzacef .e to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to hwpa5 xvoejf 42 s7qbk25k1 v8feat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watok5fvx1k7fp5qv 2e ab4 s2w 8jer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,jztfy) y/8l s9 $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat np0f*h6giy1jns8f;phy;8 g b = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam9zke(xvy5(u vnd8 ;ee to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heaggt(/ha*+w ntn ;;zh1(lkxe v t of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 20tl (;;tnekgan(gh hv/*1+ w xz0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is n4zb *;ui8n kfkeeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fro .ywapaeb;cuudh )2.8e.8h anm 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/ 8jh((cvojzk;.yjc 7jt5rd 3lkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially ci,s) fv3b, krat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atpza3 idzs ahw6ps-q)r)xi)7ep9 - j1d $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang um t ,p,;e gjnt-xm/zl df2q+f);6poee 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one graiegv--v/gru i6z h 0r;m of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiregane2 gl(3 ,-y gs ct8xlc.fy83 wu1owd to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiall+p5r6o z* c9a ah0m0n 5osqwxoy at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5q0q53o fk yyp:.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltin53q:y0ofpky qg point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c -:chl/wjurhop4 1r5aoncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity 0zjv; + leq;ase lyz(4of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. Th (vlzja;;0 q4ee+yzlse rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ousi-e x4.la qm6tside temp xqe6.is-a4lm erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1; kr;yfh ebh6m(;v o*n.5 m. If the outside temperatm6fv( yh br;;*n hek;oure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete f/6wd/ fxgj6s) y i3lh6 nv6ao3w3psd(h66/gsflvf63)nx jpadwy3i6do w s3/$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1 )pt 0,xinvfe),000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of he5hnua98 ht-ea at is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used fogof ert-d4z c *fm:*k+wuf* /tr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of ak-/* *wtr* +fzgfc tf mdo4:uerea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating em ( ku9 eofm2-p49q:fus.ekm energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature existyg r(j79dpj/os inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.