Which of the following is the s 3t jaq6bmkk-;mallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessabj7 e0 de(oyaoq27f- zry to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecul5n0xw / q6ltm*dnfptbq c :t i7tlsk86z6u+5des is referred tonspqtx ud5 t*lfl:bt0ck5 6qw8 6tmdzn+76/ i as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare theozht i z0bg0l+0w *z0x temperature T and the internal energy U of the water,o*zbwi00gx0z0+ lt z h in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas(c q f*o62j-:xush2tvx)wq wo depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initiqd 4vk(bb,4tpl i1k k pq/z*.kal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internalk(*kb144tib/dpvqzk. q lp k, energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte /mi4ntzb ,/gsrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vajemi9f8a+d5rjxi i( ,ry drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific uh,qzabm480s heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which stzmuh80 qbsa ,4atement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ho1gb8ao qtv55 tysdb69hbm 30lt piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time thol dh at68mq5 yv5391bbs tbg0e system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solo 7t 11gr)pkd: mjwxz6id to the liquid state is refpomktr 6) j1:1zx7wgderred to as the

  The heat required to change a b9ht94s mib c-mx21o,dht o;mmy 3xi4substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as thehbomxtoyi9x, mh9 dc 42;imt-s431bm

  If heat is added to a pure substanc9uqdm8 ,6 dnx1yu(/fxtshp 9ze at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes:7m/ znfdg25j m lp9yggg 6:he

  When a liquid evaporate edt;tkwaitw o.y3:4:s

  When a vapor condensf g0p;a5x6 qoyes

  In a cloud formation, water vat ubt:x; /o)chgw83 jmpor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the bcm j3;ttg /hx:)u8 owtemperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wate9ag zanuco no7-zt)4cnr7 u34r causes

  Equal masses of water at otof6)5jt q/d $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby ci:c4mh rvb10h) kp-nheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to an)0hcri:41p hkbvc -m s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron y( 4soaf, ys- b9acf op8u4kh6bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame, 8o h(6yss 9kf-a4bc4yu pofa?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder t2k*9r ieujy6moneaeq;f2eez(s 1 + ;uo the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in weeyzjifme2r (1qnuau;+;s 926eoke*hich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a(wzf/-vka 7ck homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature di cav/f(7w-zkkfference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating80owt assb;v3 material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers havt8vsa03wb o s;e equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby 5vs p* 8x6:a sgmkfq+hip6,ug(l1e xlheat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is qxa:e8 mvhls6+* i l1gfkp,g6us(p5 x referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ihg/bv u3vj4 a(s a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur nhko5zkij/ yv+,anwm d66f6/

  Which of the following best explains why sweatingc)ewy * hg8ny+5 9l(ee9 yqddg is important to humans in maintdq9*edg w yyl9(n8cy h+e)ge 5aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifti3i:fmqn+(yja l:: vv njnd 6p4ng in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the af:3p:(dnvnjmia6yj4 n : l vq+ir on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborin hna3c(mi929deh .dg.6bw grpg rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be su99(6ir2 p.hnbd3.we ag cgd hmpplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by64s7r+bi f jnydd/z/a what factor does the ra+n/r6z7i fysd d/b4 jadiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is ref /.m)p* 18zpah0swn.r(icrlcz a7vi verred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doeeso t(wu2n 4q/j9d lzza8 b)s:s the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva,z, ee:miwwn hxl- :0elent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivaw+q.d 7cl- bmtlent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of leadu i7kbr6a40 no ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whaljk7 jmx x, yo8+ouo.-5ztp5k9bzqw g. 5e8gbt is the resulting temperature changx y9+g5xet o-kbzj,.q 7o 8uj5g5wzl 8p.kobm e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originaly1xjezo 6j)q 7ly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises t)) a z(d:n1ga.gwf dotn.sg0dhe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L g4bpa3 45)k)v uuylw x,b9)pb u(bdheof water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How2x y, + tgtyujfc1m.v23o ob+v much heat is added to the gear+bfjmty,g3c.1 ut2+v ox2vo y if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalcj eu3d;q bk 21r2dgo4 is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initb*werb 3 r zjiccys,)u39zl. kx)8(ofially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material au9;t,vsor ag22xof+6 pu y;y-bc/zaat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from i1.ujye(5i v*ttm6 bnr ts surroundings. One object has an initial temperae5i 1tyrnb j( utm.6*vture of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explosuu9n. 9 pglml0sf q:a2px7d2re the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one 9u9:gsl fmlnpp0xudas q.2 27expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. uj(b;x8i j j;;eaa dn1Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temn ;a1j ebd;jj( ;xaui8perature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. d /v3a 9yy1.2 yuwzoqzAssuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank v9dou3ywqzya 1z .2/ yfrom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wk7w:o1 *bpc racx61tt *j zh2fater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wat211 bowkjcpct*7z: *xa htr6fer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 qy y r889)fqxbys rui -qv5y//+y g7b5cxdmf+g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =s *mr*was* 3i,6huefo $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam ; ccx3 a llr3t580nnu4hwxi :oto change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat o):cpgs vrzl4ws 5jw:k+ f5pp6 f fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200556pwjp+ w:p 4k v)czfrg sls: g of ice?

  How much heat energy is neeqn q7 (dky3xc2toll87ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10b8s6 x fi *vom4wh5/pds-qbr(0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50q5vjm:wgrg 7 - g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi8on fb9 7hogpjt5.:1kb9yk2y 3g nunk2y+ r xgally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aqcp4+b*n2r (na l((mx x:sql ot $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 511wz n.( r,hfq uy5ztuye*yg 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required 1u ljz4i.9)x jgnok+b to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirenwk ,tkz7 v/n0d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of k5txbf ,43ibu hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion ofb0ckvj57 b9a3 ri bgo4 dd121pqr3zi x lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltinbirc0q 9x513a4rp3jib vz21 kb7 ddg og point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity oxixz l(n6;w3m t-t+ho f concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Tw 2 3y.huks phg0cin+ v:cls;*ko rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are ji.c2hkh*y3l0+ : sv kp;scn ugoined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. *n1dhj8-kwejo 3pouz- .,r gtIf the outside temperatur on*w.jz-jh g kre18d3uo- p,te is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by0n5kn sm uez,lh:58:ip uf. py 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isn0 :my p5un5.ful8kph,sze i: $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concretc n)tox zvxq*ju; wtc1hn81:-e 8- o*vthx;nt qcnxc:zj1 ) w1u($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thro ok 8ltlh9*p 5db)snk+ugh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost n3xj1o fx(u usozo:. +through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tempes ./ ovv 9c q:b*iyy(totel*e:rature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holol vetyyqo/tsc:9(*i :b* .v ee of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whez2:bh5f,lv 3mqsy4b in it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collectiou6gxhd:b96 ; n -bufv,dtu-zh n area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.