Which of the following if.zgk,1wdv;. vgow v (s the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g92s,i uy i(mmjram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average king+fdtw 9.ko)vt pa p8(etic energy of individual molecules is referred to av.)9tg op p8a +tkfd(ws

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool o/jz9m rjm 0rfb63ob;rf water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.jo;rj b3r zr/6 b9fmm0

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depend6d4w) ik z*xd rwzl:i2s on

  An ideal gas at STP is b*g7 jq s+glg7first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and bs+ lgjq*g77 gthen it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at u jd55 yx*)boqunk e**6ew+nv$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thax 1m;p,r5p nplt

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highed:xg1im4md; l r specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are ini:d;i4 glmd1m xtially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminw+by mqn37ab l (tc;1gum and a cold piece of copper; the alu+ 1l( tybq7bwm3cga;nminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to tncq0;:ja rp 21i eo r)0w*ldbqhe liquid state is referreb1:joq)iqrc*0e 2dln a 0pr ;wd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapp* +av:xl)9x.tlap kbor state is referred to as tppxb) .k *taa:l x+lv9he

  If heat is added to a gb0;l: x(lssq.u lb 76u:mmt npure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0oes xmh 9f)v5

  When a liquid evaporates10z bumkl3su7c llc(7

  When a vapor condenseb7fj+jxim 8wg x*z9li)82pt ds

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bt)8ad ppleo*lt 6yd 9 r7vw*c4.gm )yfigger and b*ol4tayc)v tdr )8p d96yl.g *ep7 wmfigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilingx lw(zup65/ v46nc khj water causes

  Equal masses of water 3wq5 )csz8dxrat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to )6bd/yfj.a; nl/0*ni uldxsr7sl*wb as/l d 6nau0w bs)x*7./ dly nblf;r*ijs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar cn.n:zxd de-nx8 fu45r *-gkp become hot whe8c-k4ze5nd :-ng *x uxd.fprnn the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metalcm29ni -ybvk+ feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference ybikmn2+ c9- vin which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materia e9sk98,bk quybl/tn; l, the rate of heat loss fk, ty8n k9b9ql/su;eb or a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is pl4 lt8c q2tslch( 2 sjbp5f1h0aaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The jp 8t4l ht52cb sqhsa(c1f0l2layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fr2q2rz3)djy) cf 4 caud5b be2z5*qyik om one place to another is referreqb2)y5z*r2z) c 32bddcujek a4 i5yf qd to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heate-,5opzi znp ;hra7v-xoa(xa 9d on a stove?

  Convection can occurfu-ml :89wix*p/oa cw

  Which of the following best explains why sw swlu 6t, sjg9xjb0p*)eating is important to humans in maintaining suitable 6 , u )0xwpl9tssbgjj*body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envirzg)y2id2 pgw - *xhhs;kv ,ar(fz4ok3onment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about trg2hw,s3 kh-zxvdzi g4kp2f a(o*;y) he convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangularin*d+7 xlhf.-cv j)zu houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside te h7ui-* lcvz.n fxd)j+mperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, ):of.c d6wb yy5 yglg*by what factor does the radiating power flcgg:* )b w65yyyo.dchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is pdad p2rg v5irx z0499referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm theb7 wx r;hg m z0um*w,-zh,,vvc Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tor 3oe 5j (et :e0o;nls94fdsre how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how m+cb +7pjqviti, :d iqew94wi, uch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100xd0, ( cisblkmbv 685b g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.xp3lzr , 9lc1-4nto es 5eac.kxh n9n/0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?3 eta/xl99-rp1 .cl4x hn5kecsn zno,

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oris kpgkh(,qtg xvca ):akclrd8t p/u5-+/zu1, ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thpye 1.n/+e1y vb 9qfgwe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 fasas0ox+/e;vfn 0c) L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10n1uvm uo3y6z3 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to zy6v3mun1 u3 othe gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of methim9da7bd r5p 8o7x-pal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i*j cpa+btk9tnpf,4 x/ nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at5,qp u4 uyg.iv $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sxpp47 ; zwazx-ystem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial xazp4x pzw;7-temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James b(r k4xb(oe opyh l2yu9q(0q5Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature o 4l (e qr(buy2ky9h0oqo5xpb(f water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Ni t5oyo:k i+6tkagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravo5t o: 6i+ykktitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Ass 8x+(fjl5pasn uming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fj(p+ a8xlns5 from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How+(fo m1 u7jthzh l0ex) long will it take to heat 20 kg of womzfe u0lt+1h)h7 xj (ater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass* /l el mkjag(i*cd;-j 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blafi qa5weufh0q-3m-,4 n*,jem4jbmgf2x u e y;de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change am1u63vaz0rd,z ,j boit to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Howy9s:i qtb ,:np tm3woqwj9)y2 much heat is required to melt 200 mo p:w) n3w99y,i2 tbq qsy:tjg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of i+:w pver/,utdn -)pu.tz db+b ce at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1/ux)d9pnjya .w,r y 5b00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice eut-5 nvhow+8 2twzy(n3s,k qis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in)-aiaep. xvp(itially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 8cmng pib)09a 5flcg, $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is need;q5mj gg0x t+d u7vp8ded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredlxg5lvbdmh g, ;e1o)0 to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g p1xyq/ i;fbh0of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 +rc-s 7 li2kyb yqpc rt3l;md)9kzhy5,(li)h kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcansk)pt otzy /1:hn, ,h qdl7;ll/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting po/yn ,7;nl q zhplt)t k,dho:s1int is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is30adm k8 r rle:s.mu; lv2vee( $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alum0q16xw k4w va cgf9xp.inum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermav1 4.apwfgq 90x6 xwkcl contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsi-hxdqtkxx)j w9 wce 0)susl8-f./ k5bde temperature is h k/xcsx ufl5sjqt9dx08)b)w.kw-e - $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thet zt6l t +l7 3dip 3ka*ewv+qmvhx7vku4,,7dx outside temperature i e3+ +t 77tm*vdl4 xpkuzk6lqx,awh vvitd,37s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flowm3h2i;lft50 vz+qg hyi34ntim m x;v- in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (ht-ln+54 mvi 0m3f qyxv 2tgimi;3z h;$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer v+dz 0myvvfc+c73my/3ke mr 5 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through .o 2nz6oi4o q v(;b logt:*hpz(7f0nskelal 4 a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature nau dhljlzi3. 39s73)tmevuyh5 (.wxis monitored by measuring mhsw3j u9n l)v(l7xh z3e5 du.taiy3.the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when ianfb(n), eg6sd-n hbw577 fq nt is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists mq(: x 0e.sxj+*up ztiffr-*(6cb q ufinside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.