Which of the following is the smallest un vxk9 wgw3h*.xit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise th* i6e.k( kzv5dohrzt:e temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mol a6.tqay e* 2,6mrwrjeecules is referred to a6.e aamer,2qr6* jt wys

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool iel)u*u/.o/t a ft:kc1;ldn3 qnla6rr * fw,r of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmi n,u* ;r)t:ulf/oce afr.6ia*n twllq/3kd 1rng pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends stf54 -fr(nweon

  An ideal gas at STP is first c/cl,djbqz c /5ompressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is,/cdzc l5jbq/ allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U e8 ji e 86oq6+0yeowhiat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do no1fak0im*;7t v1 1qnj;z wdyf tt vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha)n2u -twup277x htzj)j b/ohds /m/z wn iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement )uh-2wu/hjn z o /2 t7tj xs)7zmw/dpbis true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum7ntr d.fo. u7k and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?d7t7. k.roufn

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state /s)4n7d9v bx oe,rs t/lugr;x is referredvxbl g 9 4n/eosxu;rt, sr7/)d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor sl atej lb:*ao:mz(3fa5 zau.0oidb. + tate is referre3o5oz:(. a *mblfj+:aab e.tidul0zad to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st/yrp8 w6ekz2n)v rw:zeady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeup7(: x1jh rajs

  When a liquid evaporatesg -l9vnq ik-mq*s p5)o

  When a vapor condenses tf5gp; u4mryzg p8kc *aux.;9

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which.ef sb7j :zg3o get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the airgzsj .foe:73b in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan (g+txbppljf5ss -x33 of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water ar1w:b wi:w7/fsn hhb1t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collis31n -xz wsoxe2ions is referred to a1zes n o3-wx2xs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanisma6eu z)v( )qpq does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is eq(pzv )qua6)placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coldcnerjmtz,h0 xu0k dm x1;1u8)er to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one x mc u)mx,u0;1h8tnzdr0ej 1k of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materi y hite91n bsbi,6)fo4al, the rate of heat loss for a givene1bii b,fyn6ht )os49 temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is sdxwt;2xo(9 (7u su dgplaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Wd;og su d sw(x9(2tx7uhat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molec)*11k7wa an)w0ur-pw3aclot ; kofh nules from one place to another iwhta1wcok-u)f nw3rp ; l* ak71ao0n)s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of waqpnz() .-qr pvx 0po:*jcf)zwter heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur- p 5gl4- nd1khm7qfns

  Which of the following best e*-e;fpan, t x.nl1jwwliv/- zxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temper*jl n.fp;zv n ltawi1 /-w-x,eature?

  A spaceship is driftp9h-s1s qqt f ay3ue4xd8u22ding in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an elqxf3d a49hstq -du22ey8su1p ectric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the tkzaiygyujm, -76 y3g0dx1*ysame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and03yg- yy zd*7uagx 6t1yij,mk height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a t-f4 ,kde8v-fhru(zn radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powt-4uvfhd, (e8-nrf zker change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referre9( /d r;jbo hvp;nudw/hxh63ld to as

  By what primary heat tranirc 32xv;t1q) g)wmg nsfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenxcjo ,v p2yez8h (3d,et to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much e2r)4gyv9 u d(uv4ubzwork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempmcu.t8.t/dukru0ufz: ) zg 8 herature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wate (h/u/ qhd/xitr, what is the resulting temperature chd/iq(hh x// utange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ori- mlt n3;8veorginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatc4pv rsod20d2 ure of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5ze+kdz 30 ncf0.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of0d tt956+yzmmfx p. cr iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear9mctp mr0 yz5x 6fd.t+ if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal qyq r2qz wom5 g36 l7n78-ulcmis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copc0h a.-)vrov1x bp/;mz 2bcfvper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material akzzhyovcmgv6 * r2+ 6t 46z(jet $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolatrt,rng9/ zw ;void69n ed from its surroundings. One object haz ndvtng/ow6r;,ri 9 9s an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships y- cu vj 1*kwnsv:*m:du.nt+fbetween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expn1nvy:d*j*cm k+u:fwtv - s .uect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara , *lo7cdu iy9uFalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temper,d9ul7iyu*co ature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water , nu1bpb b0 gvhkix2gx38q2,qheater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in thisx0gb ub2i2g , qnkv3x,bp18q h tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat watd72t 6+e1 i +fs4s :aevvppvpgs5jl3b er. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from6psv74 b + 21dlsajiet5p3v s:v+gfp e $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masv(cn:*vx0c1y -pack4 ul0rz ts 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife sbh+y simg2uh v2u*6,blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changea ltn;6bljr76qz0(nv6 bjd 4 v it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much h( )zww0b sb2ipeat is required to melt bpi wwz02)s (b200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed e4fajy5;9.)av szexy to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 f*p5bvolb c :6 sg*x9bg of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. byhh04 4ephwysw 9b); When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water itq (k j:fs 4whako2*1u6ue0e fnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at b)i ri5+ z jdsi2:4vvn$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed mp/ j.abgx .9sto change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of y8yrhr*7d+ *+zqpaov $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of c3f x6cznw 2yr,o)ut+ $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiallopet,vy v8 k :dfc18b/ ct/0dvy at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9nts 7nekw8(2 i 9gmu+e kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting2kn tw sumeie9+ 7n8g( point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concyw,ed4ac(1j4; pj9lgqw zavb a+8 9uerete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of h/ pmpiw wt1,,brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in p 1w,itp/m w,hexcellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cme:7hf* o/ ;;fwhla6a2yqbhu f thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp7;wf *e2b/a : qu h6;ylahffoherature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-)(e ueuz6q a+acm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem6)(uqeea+az uperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will f iqmkgs;9u h9i-a13nylow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete k 93uqg1myin;9 i-ash($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take toq lh z8bl-6/*m cv7zwd transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature ixnwgbr/ /.* esub s/o)) h:nglf 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnavo/07g viy: mdce used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emyvm:7/gv doi 0itted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radlc+.ian h5accl q(s ygnv3, 7il f;q//iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective coll8jpil1vlr*tl i2d.vw0*:q enection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.