Which of the following qziq mcqis -)n*qzzd8v:z62 *is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperat r r 2)gdov1z.glzo0x.ure of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is refervkr n)/6 yvvb-red to/k)vv6rb v-ny as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tvn 573hm q (,ph+kcracemperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swi(h5 h7n3kr +cp,vmc aqmming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal*oy g2dp :8vqfl l) k:kpqd+4t gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compp/ 9lkvjml.7y ressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until itl79 mv j.lpy/ks pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inter zxfzg)9 vhjs,d :f /8okqez9nj+-i1mnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do0mvkok 0)5 ie on5mv* *f9ajx0ki* mc;x zvhb1 not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than irp (o /dxc01;dq0 bi 7in0w seh8tsi+tcon. Now, ch/ teb wxtc8+o q( 0;p0scdsni07dii1onsider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated syst e+57nuvr6qe17yv g0ujz bg+dem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; th1+z6ej y 7r0e5gqvdvuu7 nbg+e aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to tb ks+0l/ g3jbshe liquid state is referred tkgb +bjsls0/3 o as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the va vz/c herpskw36-m p4.por state is referred to as the-4erp m/w s6k3 zvhp.c

  If heat is added to a .:.cr/ rjlf qjpure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze -j:mq,4aeb(b fyhz:-m f ct6gs

  When a liquid evaporatnj q9n9c 6vlz g(n i31-q 2rzjcazf (z/o2il(ces

  When a vapor condenstxkfnkk 2*:: 7zn o /dmb+jx.nes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensd25xl vm,/5 tltp*y0x bj.e:n ot lw3ees into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rainxx/l j:o2lte mbwp 5e05t ty,lv3d.*ns. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame unxod84 qk * xq0.;6rnwtpu y7keder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of waterd2a;shan- 9v u at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular colllsxf;ep p iz1-vm-2k7 isions is referred to assv p1 lmz 7k--i2f;pxe

  By what primary heat trans-eihjwednpmi8: asyo t0c:1( ,8dhimb, m 9t(fer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is mtmhe o8m9 i,aweh t,j1dnc(8s y0:-i:dbp i(placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feeja(z,ar +h,x zls much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical pro+r,, a(hxa zzjperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall/fh/oqv,a*j l)7m j ua built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperatur mj7uavh/a* /jqo ,)fle difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on wc9* 2ou kh,tab+ukm7y h 9)qpa layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermak)a9 wb 2t +huk7,c o9qh*upyml conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flowslg hff iulnd5cf/0- 6+ by the mass movement of molecules from one place to6-l/h5dfu0 linf c +gf another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heatedgvf- qm.xdr8g)n7 k31ty .b sl on a stove?

  Convection can occurzq+*2gn(x.+a ltt6t; 1gt 3bpcbmzpa

  Which of the following best explains why swlgq ecj;e.df 1/7f dk4eating is important to humans in maintaining sufcgd1/ ;e4lf7qd k ej.itable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envirbd4v01 oo-wpo3gp i*sonment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric he* g vos1dopb-pw 4io30ater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the s*vbmj1 xh ik6.l4zw c-ame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be suppliej *ih 6b.-4l mx1kvcwzd to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double 9zfj8 a10vtr*u 2burad, by what factor does the radiating power a 8j9*ur0bvz1rufat2 change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of anyt6( he zr+2ufw medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartp8iwlka ;f kpfg.8u v9 w+/0jdh?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much headm*kd- ue-1a ,5opuj) oogtl 4t?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ; evcu8d8i5;m ;w6utwmurq f* how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g ofsmz3/nkwbezb zo1ez p 02w3amr53q83 lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what i:j/s9a+ xjyd gs the resulting temperature chanyd:g jxj sa+/9ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyz1as4ej)dp e(3zn pmh :r*yp0 at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temp gs/2c: 7hw; uulphjr5erature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath watem,7xdfzez+;o av9si- 7nkw8h 7snuj.r by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of i+vyvwok2j r sdtj mz5h;6qat20( u9 :0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases byjuhvym62:2s iwz9; 0a(r vdt5+qtojk $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heaa/.nip23 2 xldowa4pchxud; lzz1w7rri e*3(ted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cop/.umt djhb2./zh 2ohy per, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atqo 0f9mb og49h $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syste,ufb9 erx 9x 58d c,pxjap8;emm that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temp9ej bm85 cpfe,; ,pxx 8aduxr9erature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bod)op4 eg;b*wbo(5rn o(b +gdetween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of tempb(n* d;bwd oogo4g b)(5o+pe rerature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a d*mf (1/ hmuewj1e,r ejistance of 50 m. Assuming that all tu (mhrw*ejemf1,1/ ejhe gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater cvt 8lxge5f;to v8sdbxe,-,-uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it 8o,c;tgxbl v-xvs fd- e8e,5t take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tope1)95 w6dexs.be2 q)ueee iake to heat 20 kg of water fr ep95d)2bx)eiee6e eq o1.w suom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (i w-k1 k k p7zjdnihbh-59to,2x-n8gqmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = a7vo j2nh8b woqr6utw,/) a3m $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed ff2b ;k pl+c2 n03hjv5s4lkls crom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg.65)8ov2 hafkj uek+j 2qzp by. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?2+k2z8ho vpq.kja 6b )j5ueyf

  How much heat energy is needed lfu*o)/0-qj1 gnh yyq sa . ,,ch2md+nfngbk(to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 108 q s veyd4h -t:+egnxc ciw63du)y/8t0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice )e pp6.;pvk waat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiaohzs 6a2xf.;x 23 iebxlly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a d9jnts4;+:jg*hqhtlt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to u2k5 s /e0jfcroo0*u ochange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to a kqt/i. op9,+n2ll mgchange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiredidw0(pd+pbhdqa m1o 3s0 d9x0ok+7qe to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 0i8m8out7w8 tyb g- p8xar)wyf.+qpd 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5 i:,z)vt(3xdeurl c 1xp:7kaa .9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, a( p3lauvd 1)xtakx:7ce,i z:r nd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conr z5x ho w7p,z()vu/p hacr5x8crete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivityxhyz3c4m,6)lla w p d: )j-gzu of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass j ,zclu g4a)plyxd36 w)z :hm-rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m bfiaf6hsa;*41ox/ jhsy 1.5 m. If the outside toaxh6f/4;i h*asf1 j semperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0p yiygm;t(y f6dc val6(qu.1- m by 1.5 m. If the outside t6i ucl.-t(ypy(6mq;y dv1ag f emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.4 0yvlh.0ro( dtkh2 k3po dk 6twt+v9d0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (.d 0hwltpdt 02hkk r( 9t+yk 3o6v4vdo$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calsjo qod 0ol3q:*,lj -p of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature s:w s1rt,jip+vg( j, y8y,bcdif 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is md 4uu2c*v mu(6:h.i fkdud7oyonitored by measuring the ku2ciuvh.76uf d* ud d(oy:m4radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiaa;dxr8qza 3+u8 pe(zl ting energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside ax4o9r5lgroxsm8k x(x.t i; r : solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.