Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enmqo033* p4pes q2n)nl x)agpi ergy?

  The amount of heat necessary to ra:znruqork5e9k q6x3-ise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indivihbxu gc6ea*.7b,gs , udual molecules is referred touae,u 6* . 7,bgcxbgsh as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimw;z7, n1 bph8zaww fcf+(k/p9sqo uw.ming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and thef81.9w/ckw;+ z 7pwfn ,q hzpuaow( bs internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depxqpa(eavx- y 422gna/ends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial h3-/h 7628ten6f qe jbqkco vkvolume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is dk ovbh8/kcfee6ht3 2n7- qq6jone while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at - 3,bn9wcjcucvoj2 i5 $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperv-8zt1 h61--i/tj ak mqixybc atures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highe b,b) ybh1/iwqr specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which sb/)wbiq, y1hbtatement is true?

  A thermally isolated system isa4ja 6k ,0i6gpnzp8 is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the c6 aiani sg,8 0zkj6pp4opper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cz3wgpp3ad o78hange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as t daz78p3 g3owphe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapo 5g 45tqlfaavvq 9.-kkr state is referak-4kt 59gfqva.v l5qred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rat0vx1i 66f gcd5*uss6 uq (comox7cl6j e,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze7;jky ms9 o1cbs

  When a liquid evaporat6lxt +m6a z/foz;7uztes

  When a vapor condense0 i gqzmhkv/a--vc/fb+,hu9,w jmj :ms

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dr xqt2+,la7evajep. /bwr1a v6oplets which get bigger and biggeqw ae le,a.7v2rtb6+1/ap x vjr until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a+j g*oh clxjbd bt41m+.5lr2ka,:br d pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at- 2w2kcxjvb m-*tylv 3 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisio6ek+tzy ,w io-ns is referred to a ,t+kew-oz6i ys

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism :oc-/h 9jsv rfmep4 u3 n7egk,does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end7osg-e ph9 :4k m,vjn/3urcef is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mu.a) :zc5c j qyexi8a*sch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the diq)z:5x i a.yecj8 sac*fference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneouscr4:e*h l : aztg23rcm material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperat*ace mgz lc3r2h:4tr :ure difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is* (7q1yf ea+fe1p :6fqo0bly2 tdjrwrxe4zm 7 placed on a layer of another materiwz1p*7yxd7eqyfa6r e( 1t: e2 fmq 0+l4orjfbal of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the m6 xl oc3:)ay1:llcdimass movement of molecules from one place to::dlo1 i a6lycl c3mx) another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sto5; m5:re+hdwlc lekk)ve?

  Convection can occuroetynf .) ,bim)k/ x3x0w7kjy

  Which of the followingq/eraj;)vzrb1zks 5re 9lzmgft( : 4* best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintainim ge1eaz9z; 5:jr(rzsrft /bv*k q4) lng suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an e4ym) -mzvh0sd nvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one siv d)40hms zy-mde of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangrln,l s6):slqcfgs53 5d tlm8ular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditi5 tsmfs,l8d6nll ) 3lrqgcs5: ons, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of :)4tfuz86z j f zbkk4t)ml de.y g3-ywa radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiztw t.k4y)f )d4:ylu8gkfbz-em3z 6 jating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absencv0pgy2 /taj8 g3dwh3n *q zlq5e of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer ;7pxeks ps lw7oq/ ;vn-tg/y77(xqs fmechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much .:6 gmr pjxj+;cf*o 2a9mmm fqheat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equival a-p05xd cl/runc17jh ent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lfnl+ .2xkk oxkfjim1p ,g(1 b6ead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resu8m1 o 5a6qusxu2uc4h dlting temperatur5udhq oc1msa 6 u248uxe change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originalke 95sls rct24ly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materia n0qf4b45 6sy ohyez*k8rn 3val by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water b o5 adsjo),qa984ppnky adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heaj-wdeq68.vym/ 5f me6,sbam pt is added to the gear if the temperature incp6v y mjd/ ,bqmsw6.mefa-8e5reases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal isl:qys*. 9 i+z0w- wrohgzrjm. heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially a ,mz0(j,e( afwzfqn/ 9hkeb l5t $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ai).0- rz zl-lsb a8ryi5srv bymdbd+- je..e9t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is :2ppqprzz9 ah4s0-lbthermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature r-aphl2:9bp04zzps q of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relah p) jyba 36 bwebs/;1k-z ju:zhc(ps4tionships between various forms ak hy1-jj4 /p6ubbz: cwz;) hb(pess 3of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropsjpmtznzndw*dtj ) d))c7)s 4: a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy i)tzj )sdcd7)p )wzn4dmt:*jns converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long h :+4iue8x+ lo,dk-8o62vp ipjudak r would it take to heat water in this tank fro r+4kipedl286vkj+axu,8: i o d u-hpom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long7u(-dgsh;u-- 2w q/ pufdzj sq will it take to heat 20 kg of watsug-p2; 7zjd(su- f d-wq/ hquer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas- *dwjm 1kgy4xs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specici g4b1wh0o ;fwv2 0:n:ezebr fic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquidf-jf l52a/ah as:ra:h?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80bkx)wo)*rd 7 q kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 gbkowx7r )qd )* of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to qux 7.uh f;wy qw 5q u9gn-4gq4:node2change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removv;+zfz(* aaq oed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kgyi()ow/0 +ht, p.q b4xvwxgum. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallul e46r4r 1r3vy;6txx xozeq 0 jt7fk9v,) rday at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at k+q-8k(v2bvpqu rk +v $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of bqe0j2l*( bnowater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to c-jtcg dbe7i *4cy7a- change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 gjfksblz clr12id4 0 m pm2w-jzs65et .y33jj6 of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiamk 7o7dqmsc 5f )r tt)4o3pp;ally at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and thezyzxsi:)mous9 1ba/1 heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg,musxszb 9a:)1 /o yiz1 and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is zv:ni3t 0ukl7 )d4zek$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rocz,z6gt w:v l ;sum:77 sw5jamds (one aluminu :uv77wg :;maswlc zzm65sjt, m and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions k ljm9gybb6c3)r /p gq:0j8vbof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature m)g9rg/jjb kbq:pyb03 v6l8c is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Ig18eo;rl-)oa rj9tp eu7 6og lf the outside tempeoelage pr - t)u8g1 rjl9;6oo7rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flojs b113bpa4g jw in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (s j1gab1 4jb3p$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calp ze8gwj/4ctp7z 1e e4obxb; 4 of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 s,cdkhjr u 9:iu u+;6ekcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperaturerwtlngl/rku 9/ 543ru is monitored by measuring the radiant powelrr /kt3l5w9/g 4 nuurr emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiati9detdd5 /f f6xcd 0h zk5f(1mqng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exisp/ux 4oc lj 4hpkjpll/,rt779 ts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.