Which of the following is the smal nw fp0s1l;do kb52lh2mx5 iw3lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 n*y84ji agty ;on(1 xzgram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averagem 2. +ehb26zih,uojzl kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to ab zei6mh2u .j+zl,ho2s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of w65sov7ke:j /:yubksyater. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.76eskv :k: y/bs5yoj u

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependqg3 r*b fez(0dy,m9uj s on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until i m d5,.rqagdhw6t ybo0t48l+ pts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energ0brytl,8qg +. t46dh5ao wmpdy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enerkl +/u/cf,l,yea (zk0u g; xwfgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesae05cp ,zuv4f r f9k8b do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fack,t bqdw-sm z*.tyv2ic7+3d rt that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, c 7tvtsz 32k*+r cm,dyb-diq .wonsider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is mt-:yh8nm s5tze/6bvl 6jt: xyade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of cj5sy6m6-t / xnz:l8ehb:v yt topper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chab-hat girel8r -8p( o6 egx0r*nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred t8 bh0-8r(p xgrg-l o*ieat6reo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid th)8go iw/ w+0tyz eon*hif2u .o the vapor state is referri2+.nwzi /w f*othuoy)e h0g8ed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st;-/stt3dyrpnkz lt6: eady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesrk.vz f)0w;rs

  When a liquid evaporatd;c:(j )bfsv be;m6nues

  When a vapor condensesh u.pb(d30fze

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into waq5b 11lpwk2d/hvcjh7 ter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This wi11 pvh wq 72k/blh5jdcll cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a n9vc;solp6)yjmt)fmp. *9fcnwj) w 0 pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water7ke oq2+3esmm at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molsyp 9 xw+*e+k.yg8lqmtqz- 7vecular collisions is referred to asy msl.+g*y7 pvt9- ezqw 8xq+k

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end 0x38od6c 7pqyujqvbft3fd* qxc-9 ) j of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed ind8qd3xq j0vupj )67btc *fqof-39yxc a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than lrbw0ds5 dtvs808j (ka piece of wood. This is due to the differenc kv5ws0d j b8ls80t(dre in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ub(q gp/+wb f+ 7xusu+rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thi+uusq7fxbw++gb ( u p/ckness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on az be/h42 og bt2v.b7cf layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. W bg2 /cvz7hef4to .bb2hat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place ie.fjxhgtmbi0j0x.599yp l,6v q )bt to another is reftif9j.t6l qhe y0v. 9bgxbp ,j0ix)5merred to as

  By what primary heatl6t,mter5;xs2r1 sl :l6iyym transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurd19(m)c pkk8p ,u qkcxj3-aqn

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in maita3x2r f;gln0k ( )vv8erj:yjntaininf ;v8xrt( :yaj g3eklr2j)vn0g suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment whf a2pp67jy jm-ere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents cause ppya6f-7 2mjjd by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from th7 t+ahfvdak )2/zhf+ ad;i:y pe same materials. One of the houses h;: zh/y7 )adadi kth2ffap+v+as twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factordif afxtjrk 93m vb*pu;yb) 4 +((owr; does the radiating poweky9ov+tu;fb )(mx aw*f4drbp r;3i(j r change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred kgb8n* v)yu4o5 6wwhy to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism dotz23yk44 mi.lk8 ie :y 1zp+h1u quvqbes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucdi1v578ujeh,*:mv /:ew(rtrpuv om3hl6 tsm h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ho ea iapefq(hpw/0s83z)z m+l,w much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needezaenx 8d/f.-hngt 6h4d to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whazbhkn 4k(e1) h5des7ot is the resulting temperature change? 7) eesnk5zhkhb4(od1

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a, bhqh-s :5c*gi64a1afnh;n wpf5o oat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature htzjl*mp mp2 af 2.-j0of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by add8*x emtnxwe3d p,+. ybing 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consistp0ogq pf8jr* kiu*(x +s of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tempera+i 0k pf8(q*xpog uj*rture increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metab;zbe3t-7cqwu + kn8vl is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initia w + j-ewqf+k8p l5,ch0rj7y q;cyhd(tlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at mr *3.v/aofp 7e.rqsvjse2 a 1$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syst9*m -3ugzlhk p8.d cokem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objeczl*p 8mou3kck .9g- hdt has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted724apb f jk 9(r*tbc5ml klp3r to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a plb( c24ft5 *9kl7k pbjarr3m vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that a4qt 0aihet/bdtxi;2/s e* w. ull the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by0h.eewtqxuts* i t i42db/ /;a what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wo9 i25 vjzxah)+89.r uj:r,sgrvs xudkuld it i9jxzhxr:drs2)9 . v+ug 5jv,uska 8rtake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used tos*v(j a2sk,; s4 eyuvn heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water ,y*ja(ksv2v 4essnu ; from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass -9c9ifj(p5*s h3vz7e gmy+ wt c8nye4uo5gyr 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel .*3n /dtsonnx+i36wdjsw h+0:p+ eq lzi 9a nkknife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed frok a b;4r*5 yt(l1rlokt* 9rrrbm steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion o8yrz q;r06;b i lezwpug* qgqm3f*4) lf 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g mpl0b6 g wryq )q*lz;zr*geu3f;q48iof ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1ggv3sx,ohup;x 7 oq86c fve4( 0 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromy3vau0:ccx)vwp xz2; 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion op++5c dn1pc7so iu -rjmqi;s6f ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall7ddkn p) ph-ee 2x3c(a +mvjf2y at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at6h-.t.ihjsf *.am; jtd uabv. $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needer ;5asqp:+iq (x2 hbzod to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requg8hev0 )jhk750*ypj3or uf xmired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changevmb1 bm 7v91mw 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ict1skt. g+ow.ks7 m +lqd0 a.rye to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and thelsv +r24x(x fe heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting 2e+xlr( sxf 4vpoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conhq he5faip;;kn.r) 4mcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one77e2vv9zx ei*qj7xrk aluminum and the other brass) are joine 2e7k7j xi7zv*xrvq9 ed together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 ,k n(s-2wmox sm. If the outside temperaswxsomk2 ,(n -ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidee; (y 2jrnd arcdbhc3.*4kn:)pdgo4 d tempe3g*;4 dy( hnb: dnr.kr j2ode)apcdc4rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flovyix; 1i vp) tamz46n.w in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete p 1 vat6mvyxi4;in) z.($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughoralutr/ *i;.t umlu5+cxiboy5/o y (q0a r+3 a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost e1eoa kjpp,) qbohoup9e; v6*rire35+91woc through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the : l6eqsa 2s; qj71+ b p4f7ne4dvjlcie jc+x5ktemperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole evxja51j6p7e ;ebk2:qncqllf 474 +j c+ssd i of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the humm4.c 7rdlgm 5gj4sish.r9t*oan body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective co//yh wocdh56wv a5wu: llection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.