Which of the following is the smald38j me;g, s8;md-gm; u;w(qwk d8vlwa7ku sxlest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to r 5u ;af4e.2l;tp- ttug e kn7nsuhal8)aise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avera0 py.vjh:gq* lw-d lbmz:67asge kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to 7wqjy ab-g0h*.zd p:6:llmsv as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pooljp 7w vedkcifwp6s:7 ( xptwo4v+)53r of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, ine pjd63 www o+vx pprc5)7iftk s:7v(4 both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependt( li1srlsxt28wa:wnnuo;( s8wnf)d l)3 fl -s on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compm2,orqwbq;r bajjws 0 ,khe(rg w*a.q* v.:0bressed until its volume is half the initial volumeb* ,rjjw,0bba.kq*gom hs(a .r;ww02 qq : vre, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interna3 r ed .:mzoxr)wtt;2sl energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not va-m hleni*,x xh ,s a+wezojfp:s)6w7 +ry drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a n a1tz3 hc2i7tqhd+b6 higher specific heat capacity than iron.caizq1 h37 ttnh+ d2b6 Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a co8a,r fc:-s tcle5;tf lld piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than ,fl: atflccs 5r8-e; tdouble that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the5lqh7n x5 z;np solid to the liquid state is referred to as tql5zp;75 n hxnhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the ll9rtn da)y 9yrg,m9l ws4y;,uiquid to the vapor state is referred to alra9ytur9l,s)gw;m4y , 9yd n s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stead6b- ko5hrc.z cy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesq z8h-cvy;( eg

  When a liquid evaporat yk jz6j ,af7p-wxl9o*es

  When a vapor condensefpex i9 mjgh;17-lfsc5 5p1rhs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses i- ol* hj)r,pfunto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This*rf)ojh,p u-l will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causesm .k1qgih3.-j ph-usq iv;am-

  Equal masses of waterg;kfz812ts xxl6; /7 fheinhs at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mole*xmm0x, y k5ptop+f)9e)v kdecular collisions is referred to as x0y f59pp) v*mmte xko,k)+de

  By what primary heat trans*5 .2jjmd ;lldaa 7whklun9q:fer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in;j2hm llnaw5adk*l7 9uj dq:. a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much ,3f;fqud3p c+4kqrcfhrs 94 u colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of ccu3k3;rf d 4pq+uhq 9rs4ff, the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall buile2;4 jo rb4xsmt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differrxj2 es4obm4; ence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wc7wge ;,* mu+.gajqe dith thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers. qc*j wg,7;me+d auge have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the m6d8j sc v6 t;qyy2jpey6.ua7nass movement of molecules from one place to another is refn j8etydc py q6yuaj2 sv6;6.7erred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanis c 5*s2ptc5ztit-zx d6m is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurf.f6/ a 1g2vatloeks:hh6: h r

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hlie 0z9pnbz tn4t2r1-c8y.ovumans in maintzl2te9cry- v80n pobti.z n41aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an enr 8pokxsxjzl/ok.cb r*p;*6: tskz+-5bzo2 vvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, k:5 obrj;.*x6cpzbvx -8s/opz*zs+ lr tk2 kowhat is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same bsr.nb3,qn x6;ugc f0 rut4l3materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied ,n4xblf g0 trc3uq6u 3.brn;s to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator ijpc(6+r8w nd hs doubled, by what factor does the radiating powjd r (+8chnp6wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refe ;irj u kz9(qxagvu 78hdz:c99w/16waogm3 ksrred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun waru tkj1bu0 .7t tzzje0yazbq:q, ;r;s2m the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucxtwqd+ w- dzxu86ilt8 qa0z: 1h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equival, opxuho lg9hgxt8 6)4ent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempijrk/r.g b f bypn(s/l2jc* 867:kwnd erature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resultdyvfqjy+., r6d nd)-ring temperaturerjr y-)+dnv.fd 6 yqd, change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally ascd5. 1eksq/c2 jgz0bt $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tj. qu;(0jsk5b nbr8ycr .m5z cemperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water atbk;e9d 3mni7 0ac) plr .2lwaojas(r . $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much/+p( s+e myccf heat is added to the gear if the temperature(/ +eysc+mcpf increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to9lx+oqe2s0k bwpd4e 0 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,anx;mmvo2 j5k saf o;v55:pw) initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ato*q.ykd(j,t pb*p.kw h( anw2 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up ic96ocqo-qcu/n j+ w7a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objeqo 7-wiu/c96j q+cnocct has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between vam1u;tm/ xg0rak:r5b 5 lbiq+ vrious forms i ba/l;r+k1mm 5r g5ub0vtq:xof energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distancejxscnx3y7cebb -m 60 o5 uot5. of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energoy0j3u 5 en5xbmcot6 x. 7b-scy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hea ; de;ebe:d+wuu:b,oater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it+ob;e we:abeuddu;:, take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take tocb;/.o ps5;9se0nwi w,nsbga heat 20 kg of wb;p9bc s 0. ;i,snaw/sn 5owgeater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m5y1jffmj3e izk j a*2;e* whf3ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knifekw:cut zw7qxc. ;y9b3 blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to3rbje;;6 j ibe change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requi 59xh4zd1y y93 bopksured to melt 20059dps3 y uzyk9b4hx1 o g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chan,0ri )( ddnvfm n3,on(mfyf3dge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of wnu -cs/d e3nf40)dzjf/fj ,b$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wf(z5ba fv9 xq /v9 koh-58dbyhhen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall y , nwjabr-r;iyx4y77y at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at iiv-7ur( r+he$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water eq x psu8 mlr)a7s;+a;at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chang v1zq)h- hwg0hk)todw v/6ppbe7) :tae one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 :huqz1 m /ngz.g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea x wn7m +dpihmdx6i2+(9mft.aby adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lea1od xj x)0+myt:y -uoud is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poiyu0xyd:)o-+uoxj 1tm nt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concreteaw/o2p dhmfn40d a7i2 is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of bras5feaad13q fa)6z0 / hyjj 7g9yc2iwy bs. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of th2ecyqaf)b9gwya6d0j7 j zyfh ai/35 1e brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.pk8n ;vp)5q ng;h(ozqrwz7r k x5w+- s If the outside temprh;nsqro );pwp-v5n 7kzgzw (x+k58q erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thvt;/j+u*qrfwq k3)s) 6 ubmo 0djora/e outside tempera+ b3adt/jv)w6f *o; 0smk)r qjruq/uoture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of corwh n5 gxog; e+wm*7n7ncrete ghn5*mwxre; w7n7 go +($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take 1mv u7oggyv)c8zw osk r-:41b to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat :tu 1oq6tm,6qna4z zrd7sa-r is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is montk;*j 3p g3u/e ivguihk g,b)k)/op)eitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole hgtgkeui/ kgv kuo)pib* ) )3,;jp e/3of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energ* 3qf tg-eefi5y when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collecto8xf u2wj0u9ywb j87b5i *dutfr (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.