Which of the followingh1)tvfgzm7u sfi6 u3: is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temper -4 fkeeqrhls1na;-e43ua bi9ature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tq0j8 wmi h,jce +1fr o::cyq;xo ahqf1e :;c:r j+8wmc j ,0xqiyos

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperamg pbs9rn*z*h3j0 z7+mn)o loture T and the internal energy U of the 7gl0o 9)*jrnn*z 3p zmmo h+sbwater, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy z1 9uy8bvpqdy3g5unac6 m(/um yy 0h5of an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume isaafqs -e);hg 7 half the initial volume, and theehaqs; )- 7gfan it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal pfqpi2yfyu)zns70 34ra r ;t; energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically i6dzu7rt-(ya*4n+ spkm4 gnhts that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a gew)t wnac93tl)z60 m higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initm)zc)w6ng9e 0ltatw3ially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated 0wqp4k9 ytdl6system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. wl49qy0dtk p6 Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the so6 vqgzvlk l94uxtke1bx47, s0;xqe* ylid to the liquid state is referred to vsl96ql 41vq tu 0yk,k*eegb ; x47zxxas the

  The heat required to change a substance from then qn.9psvfm5( liquid to the vapor state is referred to .q9( vn mn5pfsas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at v+zsz 2 v)uni7a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezedf a6:gy 8re2zs

  When a liquid evaporajmqes 3tfwh .xp +t,e hfrk 9z,zk-)b/ynl481 tes

  When a vapor condenspx-+ ) oo1ehnvf g q,t-qs*7dees

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condfqvk, 3k2 ky.zmz)cd5enses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause tm.3 dzyq), fzkk5 2vckhe temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pj+m) vep3y vy y8z40lwan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at vc )sdx*. h4mv$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat ff 9n5nbcn4*qc;ffl0bzus g52g5+efs lows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as;n4*5qf ugn f+0zsbc2g5bcs9fe 5 nlf

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become 0zx5vqankt8j7 g 8q8hhot whza 5hkn q88gtv08xjq7en the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of -a,m;cqp1tp(zn iek2wood. This is due to the diffe,kpamp 1;tiz-q(ec n 2rence in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogensc2cdxkni0 f 0g8 5:/od jmkx9eous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference dx5k gcxi/: 8j9f0d o2mc0 nksacross the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivit wclj90gx7 sdut8fa.;y K is placed on a layer of anoth9ta 8 g7f0xscjwuld; .er material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules zt55c 4rbc*i(b- 43y swvrpgqfrom one place to another is5b3y4rwb4zr-qs c p*vcg ( t5i referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ie(g.2vflfc h.i aldgv lfu xbj6z1 ://n 8)z3ps a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurq ar0qqb ;y8; +vkjn4k

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is ca3mf q xljqq+j2, u7+ofsr90 important to humans in maintaining suitable body tempam+ x 0j27qfr+c qloq jus3f9,erature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environm+)s,opl gkg+ nent where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true aboutg s)gok, p+nl+ the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built fro q)inuh 2l*xmx-bl 48am the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the mx4qx*ah nlu2b 8)- ilsame inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doublz1nu) q 31idlxed, by what factor does the radix)1q 3l nd1ziuating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any med4uvz1z1bspk+ zs4:q eium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the td5xjurvf; m*. a(-sl Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenkyqlg nwqxxnq8wghq9- gc :39 /p: 1l0cnbd90t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how m9(7nmopf*y s8 +y cirouch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of pl :3p)wa h-1v07v fvszqwm3ulead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is e8c)m;o51okl8 kxnzwbz 4(mq the resulting temperature ch)(; omlk5 8qz 4xobcn1e8wkm zange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally amui.jxq4c.gn+tnnp v 3jh3. 8t $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempeqs ;bl1.u8c rxrature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at,jaqls:q vjq:as*r.90wd9 +(e lqhv j $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron andj wc4m5 -jtg 5,no-cg3qag 3iz 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incr5j- j4tgi3,o 5gw-a qcgcn3zmeases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heax 5 ag/0uce3twted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at .ea0iyzd v,cog y..o* $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atkj6f u(.; vjl 3 ohi/2dhw0,b8ada*psbpi 3 dc $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is t9 ,o+* 1kxga5zodbuvo hermally isolated from its surroundiad k 5,9g1boxu o*ozv+ngs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jam:; hl:mnq,i6q mb) v8uw6dpar7ov6 v bes Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one exp6qbnwv8a6m:imd rvolq; p uh7 ,6)v:bect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m2id-9pn nr6 ;*nmvu,x3g:zju9 azcqm. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wa;mg:qa9u 9,2n px-rzdczn * nm6ivuj3ter rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. (x wpm ep r(4pxxkto2g89 e;6xAssuming no heat loss, how long would it takekxpo6x wt9pe;m(xpg( ex42r 8 to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is us k*tl2cqqx(j t(9+vrv ed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from vtx2 t(qjv(+* lr q9kc$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (u:41(dlyfoh emass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kobpn2t we0+: xm8u h1qnife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be re 0qd1wmh jg1/cmoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melcad,swp; t q3h.pqf-; p;sd; wc3.qa h,ftqp-t 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to ma64hl7 ddla+ c-rhzkt8)h- tchange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10f)c cbc2 b,lmqbyq:5: h1 n 6v94b4upl7gjsy x0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice p77 6u/e bclmnat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiqj gyd )4m89gl9 kjh8zally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a )9*cks-dww zypc3nmmj,2 q ;it $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changxstp+6/x *6gffiz oa6e 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onecw ( im)73q;md3 sxjd+ov(o ek gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to channdp5 h:(pvtr *ge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kgppo;ls3k9 8 58fbuao1ki5i vv of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of a 1jd *gwixai0riol6/88yiou i+,+:xnry jg/ vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pi+*uoj 0w x+/:86r/r8 dgjoy, aalg1ixn iiiyoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of+9pha4o mjw+y(/rdv3tu h:gk concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice th)h+4wy uaon*t*t1zg dat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of thetwot*)guny4a1 dhz *+ brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. I +8 a3*gsr7 b)ekpqcb /t)wxusf the outside temperatpeg /s*bcb 3k8u)asq+wt 7r x)ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. vz1di qb j3n -7j ywf/zwj a312)u)nud If the outside tqj7w)zf -jd /unw 3a 3)nzb12iyuv d1jemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectio cn g92gg9/o.lzuo l:fn of concrete ( z g/g9c:l9nugfo2l.o $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throug( g/ou0 omvdvc;nw4;k h a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperat pf fpjs-zg94/+gf.f6 osbh9ture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temp;c5namcrr ;f 9ir( pbgu)iw+:erature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of areu c mbrgr;rp ():9wfn;ic5+ia a $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when i 3pwgp(c 4bxp0t is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collecu5.jdgb izr,3t/b*v ator (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.