Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enerxvbhkg+n/os 8:hvep284tf v9 gy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wat1mlfk afe-j( b,8e hfw*:fbx2a:vt 0 eer by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the a- zw,d5pc su/cverage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to c/zpsd c5 wu,-as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming ph:) 1qbrw6,a jgmz.dm78h je tool of water. Compare the temperatur1htbrz me : g687.a,djwqm)jhe T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of a e*f),n,8 dpgsx4g(byj c9l72to+drl*lsbu s n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed untii3qoi 7mflcnx7 ho-o+e80o5fl its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand 5oof3i78 h-oqn l x7om0fc+ei until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with injak swsn+h(w.c4;/m d ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is -/xw6as ci0q1i spyiw83g-lz that

  It is a well-known fai+q evj2,0b a.i7ohitct that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is addediia,.v2 ibj+0 hoqt7 e to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated syste ap6q5.echs1em is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece ocq e 1sp.ha5e6f copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the s7diph 5fx71isolid to the liquid state is referred to as th5xs7p ii7fd1he

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor*y;oo) y1:pmsw awlw)-jsma9 state is referred to as thej;pw o1w ol)ym:saa9 wms-*)y

  If heat is added to a pure substam nr/xx2*y pl zq.8 d y+6p0fec;zz3dqnce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0q ukn:0alz q+3fbp gu* l2m9w

  When a liquid evaporato-8xuot qnuqi:65o*e f( ,y ooes

  When a vapor condensey,* iw *m (*pcjwk, w-ypsya8gix,d9ds

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condense-a*( up 6xz*cd4z d n:tjfsw-us into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rainsjzup-d6*4:afzn c- wuxt s* d(. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boij;syhpt4at ( o a(q4d-ling water causes

  Equal masses of water a0 b(v,v5ftqw vt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular cv cbd vfqpjpvqa4qf)l37y) *96r:s 7nollisions is referred to ay69rdfn3 77bqps):vc)4 a*q vfvl jq ps

  By what primary heatz.qw;1zr,mseod,w- h d:1 0qkex2pn/lwa ng6 transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in0lr,dw e6hpq2.a1owq:s,-xm1e/w zn ndgk; z a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of met34pyk8l3pu n85t2+ t3 dglerahqhw2b al feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This i2h33twle2u r +pq4 lktpb5 hg3na88yds due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous matemutf3 hvu )3a+rial, the rate of heat33fmh+ut )uv a loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed onrf7yc9)1im*d d4pnubq26 vwi a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal condu97 dnqmwd 4yr i6c)pv2*fu1 ibctivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by thein1oq - h8ub9x.ef5iv mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rb8nv1q.9xei-5 ifoh u eferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismzislm 0* xgrm8nado -d:v/h ,(64naua is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur nj pfui 8rb*+cjdx1 +f7,z6ej

  Which of the following best explainsx: ba(k6 *vstoe4u+k:. m l ;prpu7uww why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperouw:;v xe6(r4w+plktp m:k *u a7u.bsature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravi1h(oufn.o yl6hu b:*u ty is essenti h bf(yonho1u*.uu l:6ally zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the sam 2)gm a2,qsmtse materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat sup2 mms,as)q gt2plied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by (0t wrp/ n:w+8ukjytkwhat factor does the radiating power 8k :kwwntu0t /yrjp+( change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium iset+tu 05*jr lv,lll1u referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismf:scgi e/lr91o :fjl+ does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heaikazb 39 b/u).w zhi,xt?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wig.4pfanx:d s xq16zr6yr, v :ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temp m. bin.39..+ 4wcenzsy rgjfau;3udierature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, wh:b.zq alm9d jck1wh0;at is the resulting temperature change?qzbj .9 d:m0k1hw;la c

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block k*b*n8tyk o5b5-lrc v o zyl;,is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temper+ev rf3r 1nfv-a+ ug8ra2onzizq8.* tature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water -8aeqvvq56/d (o :zx7 iidcf lnf 6 /kywqxb)/at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iro rqhw00rq8fj:n and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if q0hfj rr8q0:wthe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mobsfb z .b5xa, za0:-detal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of con(9re 3ahg/svpper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ai,3ux8 (d/2kdhtp) g0 clek6 yoa ef)ct $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thzy3 eny 8u ubn3-9do.gc o7z 3:zx9y4xvpts) germally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial:)9ycspz y3xo93gv y7ne 3 ubzdzu8o4nxg-.t temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemv4m7hwh90ypk pted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mounthkvmp w7 h9y04 Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagfd uj(vvn;d slqibc/)*ou7) b -+jz 9gara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, biq/d 9u)* 7;jbubv- cldo()+ sngj fvzy what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no he3 a1/b4ar3* ;qf n khimmof-vpat loss, how long would it take to heat watebairpmv k ;h*3na 4q31 fo-fm/r in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tanxq6p1u8 r +a7beu hs/e+,rh ike to heat 20 kg of wat+aursi/er 1px,8h6e 7hnubq+ er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 +i qhjp(w(q, )4aqdcdg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel ky5v5k cmnakg; b12 gr*nife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed zl9+c suojz-g4bvo3 s3web43from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much0,b lam k7qin,ub;6fbtw zk;. heat is required to melt 200 g of icw ,iktkub6 mz;7l0 qb.;nf ab,e?

  How much heat energy is ne3hcjtbl4xe,2jd0 8fuc0y jrl j )( 1uieded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofix)-olz34 jp nrpkd9.ue 6pl5piak 15 $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice (+1gbnaar cw 8is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall0s uuon(x t)p-g -)j zmch6b:ry at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at zapzr4p4n7lvpij), bih 5i1-$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is 0io 4; 9fzeazuneeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change e :)sipd0tx(jone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requi ot fch*5 byq37o0efx;)us(mw0tqa4 ored to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kgtn-s* w 4gvu(kt:bj (z of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead -:kcm1exd0pmj( i ea 0s;8x2nbs xsdh,* v.xvis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcxxve i d1axj(cbd sx: n80*skp -2s;0mmeh.v,al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivi1bj. 7wjkcwk/7e*t 3s f -njaqty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that o4zd qsba9i:m2 d5 -gwd)* kin.juiwf1f brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the o4 miu d5 -2aizw:g9wnsdkji.)* qbdf1ther brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by (67.g)l o;rd8b sv4lnrl hiz d1.5 m. If the outside teldon.8s b(rv4l gzlrd 7;ih )6mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Il q6h9zp5p 9kzrl0fg( f the outside temperature z 6qr(k90lgl5zh p9fpis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 houreu x4zt;2 c3bw/:wvd s through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (34:x;e2szcd/uw tbwv $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it takjcvxuf o ag4n (8ydgp+4 ,n/om 5ekn+5e to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kca0rnxod1 e4 u2ru.6leyl of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monit/ u fgynq1fye(w4 oj3r ,aym6ucc,c89 ored by measurin98 /w my1(,o 4qjye,cuyrgf6acfc 3 ung the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it 12envhq1i .e7v mo6qb is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar vdilp,hj/ 1bv z+a3 sr 1x,:g6:evcglcollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.