Which of the following is hog r xj j09q;i4a6frgw/x0 k,the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by a../ jz9arn dsy3wqx) mvtj) 4$1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average2 c4zkiyd:oya 1fv: 0t kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to asv1k y0dz:f2cyi4a: t o

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempera)thc h *) wrzn )2i9,xky:fb 4zzjkx6dture z: id2hnfkwy tbk )9,)6) 4xrzxj*hz cT and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal g++lyj -5 kz9wikn k.ksas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half +6lbbg8n;okc+ yo7txe l6ma-the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the +g6xlyctnke a7l8;+obo- mb 6final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energyk 0;fj8hqtb -0sm ;h- 1vh ixq0r-quab U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures dsrea: 11iobkf 2tys ax-v kcv7: 3v71ro not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water h5; hoyuk(,il)zlzd/ o as a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which kil,);do5 oz(ylu/h zstatement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumqt tj2(pd9lk73d g j9 cws*0w -au+hiyinum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the sy7 ha9(tiw3s 0w-*puj+jk 29yl tgqddc stem takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the soli f+dw td81cfy0fo2t3 menj d**d to the liquid state is referrwne+d8 *ct*jdf 1 fd2tf myo30ed to as the

  The heat required to change a subst9wzmar 66 oa.kj lc07mance from the liquid to the vapor state is referjo66.cm l0 w 9a7mzkrared to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rat1bq *gh7r zfs,e,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezessk b /+vhur.t7

  When a liquid evaporate0x5,* x:z)v qfeej slcs

  When a vapor condens)nx ixj*mvb5k9dgm //es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets whichex89il1 p) n6-ahglsr get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperaturl68eis1p a9)x g-nlhre of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame un.vsn5t d4k+dcc.chbmc ;d / r9der a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateu3u mjz)4jn;er at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows b* 1vr *u4e) vzs(fmbajy means of molecular collisions is referred to azvr evb*u)*am1(4sf js

  By what primary heat tran 0rdx8:r5tg7n2rjfrcb;ezy 2x )6em g sfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed rz 2nmjr;efbygr8te06 g:5 d2)xcx7rin a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feelsg q 2j wau,e6rd6ak:w+ much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physic+: k6rjaqau w,gwd6e2 al property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, thv(kpl: 2nt9lye rate of heat loss for a given te9 lyk(p tv:l2nmperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conde lp-e:jic:/6 e-au tiuctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effectivie j-tia-p:lu: / ee6ce thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molec:wmv(do ow ./wules from one place to another is referred to aswwd vom:. w/(o

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a 3.c dkbe 6.iue ucjt1,pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurl..uh8j/xi+tn;) jzy9l ghyzhh31sc

  Which of the following best expla63zim z)v/n kaiw+yi:ins why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperature zi6zikw /i vny3a+)m:?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wvo4amkwrxauw10;79o6 jx x t*here the acceleration of gravity is essentially z 4xkwx 97*0wmoaxtarj1;6v uo ero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring re/s0p-d(*5 q cewuauxdctangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate th-5ud0e(x p u/ *qdcwasat heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fa:uk,wijc: 8g6-v x-x ns pl-s+ wgoh7bctor does the radiating power change?w:b6lxuno-- vgs8xjh:+cw- ,sg7i kp

  The process whereby heat fv2wbtpfyuohn hh 1e; ;su:89:lows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm toi xtpenu+p;f/;40 rv he Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiv+r s+6ht4axk1fto+xf alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent qbn.8hw g9 5mu (hdlk0to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lea xcre/5e3w.blf2 hhu0 d ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, wq+6xlil27aq vgeu5y/t4l.rck m;c 1k5 ( o wfqhat is the resulting temperature change?1c 5(fg.qkioav;wtxcmlq4er7/ l62 k+5 uy lq

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ovoje* :)qf-v0xukaw bu6r 6 e0riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature ofs sbox 39hcf 9 os6fa+(u/*efs 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of3q siev 3 3sdhjh+nd/d3 an0y8 water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of1e3 ybfsk9 ..r863oado0 +jiqzzw a eq copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperat10a8ze9 .or k 3.q6b3fa+ysd qzwoeijure increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heate)gqtzga/5o d7c0e9oam ))s - kbc k8msh*mis5d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially)wmfn : t:6isg at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at f-phdts ,vhyoo2 6o(- $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thatj-v o(s4jhk/xj -kwu 0 is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial te-(oxhkj0w ju/4j k v-smperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore thx4zo4 rs+ sw3zuv/(ct e relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc.4v3 tc s zw4u+zsxo(r/ What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanv (4(s7u7h )tqqb s5kjri:z1us ta:f mce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to tu a4s sj:qz suv(b)1t:mhi f77rqt5 k(hermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumin06 f*ehsou6ct6ayr9 6 txvx j4g no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tay66erx0stj6f6 txhc4*9 v auo nk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it3wgj2a2vfc l5pkebu i 8)f6,c take to heat 20 kg of water e 2,56ikc8 )jpbacu 2fg3wlvf from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,* 3do)z) sgiox $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (s typ )w8 qx4zg+9pp00 7cqlmmipecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to c+hkoods 5wd:2oat)c rl7.5 7hnj jwz. hange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heaip0gz4ax 3s 0tt of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ic s3004a izpxtge?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10mh pr crc/e4)2 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1ge6p4pxz29wl6 3d u. em5v ecu00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 5k h(vh*t ,2,nh v, ex0)knsmjn0 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initibc 2xsf e8r0a t/-kt0kally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atc ss .)6*sefv hc/iu+b $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water at,s,givgqhf/ rfpo 2 k9 o2ut)8 $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to yw ikp2e.;8ou change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 uuo68h7i(89uxfnvrj ,dz9l r g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, iidw,5j: nz1/k hyq7gk nitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization ih4 :e/ c;emmmas 207 kcal/kg, and its melting ; mham em4:ce/point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofxxrxt8 / rmn62 concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of br1r q(, xo*z(aet oeo2tass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equa(z e txa1e(or*o2qo,tl lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimeh6n(:zdyf2y pl: s ex4ku5c-m nsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempep u:l4k:z(y 5n-h xfes2 6dcymrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions l ql:ko w8g pnd10y(o/of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature: k 0qo8(wp ndoy/l1lg is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 0v+54ppm q;xqertkvind1pc74 c f 4/gw-6 war( ear;/kt w7 4415-p vqpfc w4ic0qrg6 dxmpnv+$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 caanm uu 3r +55ksx6h9iql of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturei,8iibyd;6yo 0o :h*u.4kb djqg7 odg if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refininw gvcp2m4 e3sr ybn;7v3uj :9zg steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted thro3vy; pcv3w gnmr uj2b:9sz e74ugh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bo.5 f s:xhd k3hgjdq3z4dy radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective col(n4-jdic 7jw0wcjez8)zp6 ef am;3zhlection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.