Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energyk,sp56dtsq4ek.xw2l s3 gs y/g ;9to.( l qzkd?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram ow/bm/0r fsp8iubk q.7f water by $1{}^{\circ }C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual moleculestllrc2wab3 70ds*y81(ukh v s is referred to asks*l(w1 l3ac08u ys htv7 2brd

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swlaxzcqa6 t*(9 kj gwj:-3vf c0imming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the interf(x 30 aj9jgqz w*vcl6k:- ctanal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe pv16i79p roc/c kaf:zn83zrlq -9lvjnds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed u/c/0u:,ml r qn;dev ejntil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial p,lmq :r/ jed0c;ev/ unressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interna*rm)rdeydos 6vvmis +0 nb/ua91 a3 *al energy U at $200{}^{\circ }C$ is heated to $400{}^{\circ }C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do nosih+. k7 4(h ed kywo-fgpr4)wt vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that watgv;czlsp) 9*+qcc *ga er has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initiaca)lvcg9sgq;+ p z*c* lly in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a6 pf f.luc8i8 vlgq(a4 hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluming8f6. llacvuq8pi4f( um is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqlxdxe7m/mn;y) 5xy7v ys 0m0ruid state is referred to as themm;em77sx dly0xyyn/0 r 5vx)

  The heat required to changls)7mbtmj , a6e a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to abt,amj 76sml)s the

  If heat is added to a pure subr:+m .gn gid8hc0tb (sstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze.f(rydb+k 8 kas

  When a liquid evaporateswn q 1/qq0mj n-jbuh8la)v;4w

  When a vapor condensi90pjrx ewcq,z yc* 4 /42lu/0tyfdwles

  In a cloud formation, wate dr8 8-kc8b2uox4t afnr vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the cloa8xf4bod nct2ru k88- uds to

  Turning up the flame under avavo; u9e4z pk46 *ka i6.rei*lh(shz pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watemvgxa; g6a14 wlvd* yaij :d *:6he,otr at $20{}^{\circ }C$ and $80{}^{\circ }C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T=-20{}^{\circ }C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T=0{}^{\circ }C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular co+ rzzgl2xqye,b0: s5s llisions is referred to a sgr,lsz xb+05 2yzeq:s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become ahn.2/( q(b d ;e 6bwz.pnhcnfhot when the other end is placed in a fl(aw( fdch; bzq6npbn2/h .ne. ame?

  On a cold day, a piece of zj -hdf )u3w3bmetal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical prope3zfb)uhw3j d -rty?

  If you double the thickness93zav2ji9 w-tt 32 6 doyxadk 3x.kwjh4*vjlu of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature duzthkt3a9- 3*j dx3v 9y4aovjd.w l2w6xik2jifference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conjk3capw8 k.ht 2,-*fxpcy4p u ductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivitykyu 3pcw*8fpph-x a .tk 2,4jc of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby hea j;yo2te-fgoo z8/k8wt flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to anotherg8; tyofoj/8ze wo2-k is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechor5x;f y .g56c 9bfcdeanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuri ut r ucxd3.:h1)6hbv

  Which of the following bes sjci25o6lf0r/t jcp7t explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining s7 iljctj /cp2fs5o0r 6uitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration ofax2a+ w7nmme7 yx.u l;9ebw8e gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents cause2nx w7ae+;89e7b um ex.y wlmad by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangula-ecb tgf1w c+q8:3m dw e,pnd,r houses built from the same materials. One of thmp 8: 1,+d-tefw ng dw3,qeccbe houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fah7z soq2n: v()pqi h1icajg51ctor does the radi q1h vi1o sijz)7gp nhaqc(5:2ating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in ;p.jqw sjy2hs q h ws0kq(k0y5:;mni8the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eap * eizgb rsxhrf0c8+w-f- i.+rth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how8 +ecngx.4xgvk q/a,t much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalya0qu gnf:r gj5pqp22y .)w:ient to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8\times {10}^{7}joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g*x v31xdvxx+k of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) by $15{}^{\circ }C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperatu+hiz5pkfkopo (r8 .b6 re chan8opz5bof6.(p khkri+ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orbnx wwaymfjx :quv*+;b 3;. :xiginally at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempepln :rp949 cwlrature of 2.0 kg of material by ${400}^{\circ }F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wate2 mu1x tp1vg jbndh63*vsr(8mr by adding 5.0 L of water at $80{}^{\circ }C$ to 60 L of water at $30{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kgiku na/uxiz5/g:vys wbesil/7/ ) 2x1 of copper. How much heat is addedal ugywb )uxe2k// 1vi5: szn/xs/i7i to the gear if the temperature increases by $35{}^{\circ }C$?

  50 g of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) at $100{}^{\circ }C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mqp:h5r5dxap 7k6qb ,v7nucq3d 9;kqmetal is heated to $100{}^{\circ }C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3{}^{\circ }C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2{}^{\circ }C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppebna4:z a 0 kemx5,ah5vr, initially at $95{}^{\circ }C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 74p7 niu8u imm$100{}^{\circ }C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$, the final temperature is $40{}^{\circ }C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thugf8. a/bv+x 07bpi xaat is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objecta+afu.pb vb0gi /x x87 has an initial temperature of $100{}^{\circ }C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwe hokt mner qa14j)b m:;g3:4poen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperatukobm3h4rn ;j:a m1p:e) go4tqre rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. 04sbgcv)jncyci+0 ;j tv7q*eut/6eem6u b, u Assuming that all the gravitational energys ,i)cv6 euejb0t;vqut4gnme7b/j y*c+u6 0 c is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lob)53 myz qjn dd1c.zd4ss, how long would it tadjbm)dzz1 ny 4q3 d.c5ke to heat water in this tank from $23{}^{\circ }C$ to $75{}^{\circ }C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg o0yz of(69tgcbf water ffgy( z60obt9c rom $20{}^{\circ }C$ to $100{}^{\circ }C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 ib;:6knb dm;z(bj1lm g, $c=0.22kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20{}^{\circ }C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specjxf-jpp4* z (r,f qq- ochx40u(mzh; cific heat = $0.11cal/g{\cdot }^{\circ }C$), the metal can get as hot as $400{}^{\circ }C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20{}^{\circ }C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam qi7/tocu+tk1jdz:- 5 +i84 jmr ettgjto change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat isbb2golbl c:7t+c1l wm:b *k.1lq xf5x required to melqclco +x1l2k:bt*l1.:x5wbl mb 7 gfbt 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is neeji;z)5qg g4n.ye3xkln y 9l9sded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20{}^{\circ }C$ to water at $50{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofk wy/ o: n:lmw3y2zfl- $85{}^{\circ }C$ water to make $-5{}^{\circ }C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcae y.k0ryur;(udx 5.njl/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25{}^{\circ }C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initialh82yfx 3*dr/rsh 1 /qi;omos5re i:g qly at $100{}^{\circ }C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water att th+v0z qv0q* $0{}^{\circ }C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neededsdd5ae )zb27pc rcg: v,xbo( .6cg mf-1tsm7c to change 10 kg of water at $50{}^{\circ }C$ to steam at $120{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of ra fsw /pvi :v3upi0*gxn7u :3$0{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $120{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  How much heat is requqne4p f2::qb mired to change 100 g of $-10{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $150{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of h)xn a yya**pne cp-*+t/hk. naot tea, initially at $80{}^{\circ }C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/ m:;fq0x m3wdhkg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, mfmh:q0d3w x;and its melting point is $328{}^{\circ }C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23{}^{\circ }C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofbkeh p9)deu45/9f nz c concrete is $0.8W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicejes*pkv;fw4i+ vi4 ha6e: 9/it/cmlu that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal le e9 6+tmiif/e/avij4: c h 4*vlk;wspungths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0{}^{\circ }C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200{}^{\circ }C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 hnqur,9(2ypwd0 o+ w mm by 1.5 m. If the outside temperu2rdw n w09+hqoym,p(ature is $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature $20{}^{\circ }C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If th2*(qaj7n+edbc 1 gg t07 qu zierl0v4ve outside temper1v0c nb+gzqju 7 e*rl2at (gev0qid74 ature is $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature is $20{}^{\circ }C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m secck 9w 1e3mabl+tion of concrete a lcb3m+kw1 e9($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21{}^{\circ }C$ and the outside temperature is $4{}^{\circ }C$?

  How long will it takewm*d*ddorhimz; 9( 42 cl9fik to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) if the temperature differential is $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  What is the outside tempera9vui/jnfwb8,bz(8/ c9y s cfbv 0j lf8ture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20{}^{\circ }C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the ts6dp v/etab- 0emperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a smalts- 0 dpb6ave/l hole of area $0.5c{m}^2$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650{}^{\circ }C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinmynz, 3g zl.o2g energy when it is at $33{}^{\circ }C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4m^2$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.