Which of the following is the smallest unit of h -ppixe +,eax)eat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of w4fck, 8wpt-ys/ 2y crj1w 9zu,b/zj0k deov6sater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is r .wx /c zlrpuw.lcq/v*70 rn5keferred to as/nw05u rxpc*cv 7wqk l.. /zrl

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compar-/8hhv c)z i4u xh4ukue the temperature T ukuh-i)4/8vuz4h xchand the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal c bhd, a2r8qjqhk1k.9tn. q w0,/xmwzgas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is oxap4i9rs c 6xp5e* vhl7//fwfirst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the tw/pip 6/fa erx ocxsv5l9h* 74emperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U alb,ht)beb ,7f7sxq 1c t $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do no86:zu/j;arpr 07nge wx :rfclt vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capa0pfg/ eeom9p63fvpdif5 g87 ecity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilf03e gg evfp/5e6dpm fo p9i87ibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up ww pli) dfa9jem1b+ 1+of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; thee+9wj+ ld f1)1am bpiw aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the sol ,eceyud 5cogqr1; (:xid to the liquid state is referred t5y g d;:c1ecx roq(u,eo as the

  The heat required to change a substance g t1q+ rjqf,o5 zul3u.d1j.iefrom the liquid to the vapor state is ref35zl .q1.jifj+ ,tud u1qegro erred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substancyi j,8b t8)ggr9dwn l:e at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesu:wqe3/:ydy (j: dnh :ulyto0 hpac b43p24ln

  When a liquid evaporates eddfj;wn wb /9i+)a.i

  When a vapor condense26ms ; a(b6wanke2fzhs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which bk h4:tq 9; ss/l6udza5;knj4sr0ph w get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tbs4;h k r/6;tjk:d s w5a0zpuqln9hs4emperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan oftvd-b5m9: txk/b e3 .lf,pkf0i lg1 e-mpvfr8 boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water: lot:hv:ci- -xs4dlk at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meadtmn5y//naplgxjn 5 2-q9/s xns of molecular collisions is referred to as2-nxsna /xpgytn/mjq 5 /9ld5

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one)lb-hzu s9)j*hgq54ad1ong l end of an iron bar become hot when the bl1)jqh zdug nglhs4)*5o9-aother end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal ffv91mja5c2jngz .q9veels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which o.2 cmaz95 fvng v1qj9jne of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknp nvs*80.o8bkda ux -fess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the fp 80bxkdn-. a*sv8outhickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity v8lyrlb8 r p9wo 0t* b+m;qdk1K is placed on a layer of another material o rr0;votwqybm bkp*88d l9l+1 f thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flkqpa) fbd4 ve8 leg,b km/)/f3ows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is /ekbvmga)f/,k4pel ) b 3q df8referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechan4ik4gpk+w-kynbr0mrxp 23 8a ism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur0x8-+ c*onh djnvkrh-

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in main9gqnu nf,(wwvbh) ir1ppc-9; taining suiw1qr (ngp icv ,-ub9f;w9 h)nptable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmenh(u s3epe 7-*lxd d ok;to)+gwt where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. Au )e-t hgolxe7d( *pk+o 3;dsws the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboringa/su)sn0,wx trdw; v6+hwiu 8 rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would ne6srwt u /;i+0wsh udaw,nv x)8ed heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubsx ,mtzy15hu90 osyt 5led, by what factor does the radiating pt51 zmxtush,9 s5y yo0ower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is re :m.+csxavitcynits.i/2 xq6u/p4 y 5ferred to as

  By what primary heat yz :.emiiu8r heyl ue9d:::2ltransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equx;wxb euvzlsjk ),4*5ivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is nwtem58uj)ds y 3 )yxv4y*d-iequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed tlijp+auj(o5ky( gl0 1(xw/tj o raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperat2tbmx +sa/ ul:(c8u nx4*c o*c2fecys ure ch c/(*n mseu cxbxc+2ac8to 4ul y:f2s*ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at s08qiphy u(6r$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempe9w1,v odpy ak +v3pj+z+1 mzihrature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addingllct+2 drf:)tsmr-wf, seltd -;w11b 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of irone)2 y -*9hg;xji xt nx4pn/fjm and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added t* -nfy42x9;jpx) mitg x /enjho the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal i:. 4h1zw 6hp.igvwi;okf-h efs heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, in +dgxptsp*0h-7p6 5gv 5cl,q.ee w difitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at z*5p w ygx-d7e$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally ist /g:yfs (4:qya b62o0bxqtuec4p7xzolated from its surroq 4x :uysfat q gebp2z6/7xt4:0yobc(undings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betweq3w mvs8n:+axen vario3n:8qs +wvaxm us forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ove7 1fgzbrj*ki4rf3a +e r Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all t7k1erff 3a 4rib+*jzg he gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heapsr.p0 h9ys5 ht loss, how long would it take to heat.s0 pshph9r5 y water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 k;c e034zn b7cnsdk)txg of water f0 e3sd4 )ckzbtncnx7; rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 xu* fb)p x(-y e9gwxr.g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife r0dz0 qnnqd 4,blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chaqahy q7p4usras24:y+ jnba :3nge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required too9k ob*z v,461ps, udowin+udnd(-ho melt 200 g of icevu b9uoknns+(dhoz6o 4-*, pwd i d,o1?

  How much heat energy is 12jmu1 v9am hy9sw tmfj:,g 1kneeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from tdvf8d.cpd -o4; ou3 eov9j*m100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wtherz ; 0 /rm9ajne9+phen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water r/f slkmhx l4f3 rm*6mvz675a initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a-h4. dnv abbz)t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne-e x4a(*k helmp5;g1k jsckm* e1v st wx8;,deeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram ofp 62ofy9mbbo 5 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require 1f2isfyvjg36vw ,ek 2d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initi:k v0/ous7: ulfgkok 5vj/d 6pally at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the l- 6a)qej6 dz -v6pioq(wqvd/heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and itsw l6qp -ia) q/vo-dj6qd6(vze melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivi qebsqe * (mo(wv2em-4ty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicjd6axf z*1 ahw hi:(7oy9qy/ qe that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in exce* h9yx j oy1af6q:/idq(h 7zwallent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has d-3rvx2et sxr 4-b 0kqu mqv:b*imensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside te xe xb0 qvq4- trmb-k:r*usv23mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-ccr omgdkq81j+zo-djx/ zaj8w l/h918 m thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera 9kzlo-z8mh r/qx awg8dj8+ 1j o1jcd/ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section bzom;y az 2 5r-f6r45nb1mf vgof concrete (6of yamm n51rb2zr5-gv4zf b; $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tor-pv4* l jvat(81ukc/zbp ql2 transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal 9efsu5pog s 6 bzx9zp+ix 91.iof heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, t5q;j.m1u8+zm y as dblhe temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of a1;uqsl y .jz am85dmb+rea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy w/vg5t2.3r:ttmz xfz hhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of g;at3d c4xa/q $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.