Which of the followingp u aa+,t(xg;,ikjzq/ is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempns 9a-3)o :cpy3 8acr rflj;bhj**qtrerature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetlx+vlg)0 jf :dic energy of individual molecules is referred to a+0v:l) dxfgl js

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool2ezjjjr665nse fj f/-; nu94s*mnem j of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wajj2j j/fn6e; z95rn s emm4 *uejnsf-6ter, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ides : r xgl3v*t8uepcndb;hm7*;al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hal .nsqux/6jdkpp 7f0t 4gxv;c+f the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas i x +./u0v7x 6;pt qd4ckgpfnjss U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy ;knpgt:3oqr 7 U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures 7w;ec q j:zg;vy5 alp4do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specificv0y rgsf3h 72e heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibr3ey27rf sgh0v ium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pie )e/l.yz8 twac)ei th,ce of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific he),eiz w/ylt e)h8atc. at capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the h.ovc+9us f cy/d)es5liquid state is referrecefhs.oy/)d+ 95sc vud to as the

  The heat required to change a substanclq:xxm :b(s3- vweemp6 a8nu2e from the liquid to the vapor state is ref8esme qx2 -6v l:w3uabnmp( :xerred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure su/ ixm 7v1lucbadfa6qf/v161b hsb;l + bstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeawq/l4d4 )v pms

  When a liquid evaporattd,m7fh,r -bbc64t 2s7xuef5np c 3yfes

  When a vapor condenses;(syyaj4r zw 2

  In a cloud formation, wh4 ogb;9uvl)g ater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperat)h;ggo lb9u4 vure of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a hholj02.rzm 3pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at 0 g(bfu /c*w g:a-ehgmnz2gb7$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means tf ak.w8w+6k v)-f eqyof molecular collisions is referred to asqf wewa-vt f6k8yk+.)

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar p:7th.yu-kyh +q vm7zbecome hot when the other eh7.:h mz+qy7kv pu-ty nd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels (d8azww758b* :oizvxvw dkn 3much colder to the touch than a piece of woobw:z7zo5 a 8kwwdxv8d n3(*vid. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materx0pde:r 8 ky +f3ayb;+auv .zkial, the rat:y apbf+yze8uv. k; x0a+ kdr3e of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with ther3m*3+dn+b: .o/qldoaw lmeprav p/q- mal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conducdv3.*ao+ m/nlpo:pm/ab - rwq +l 3deqtivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by u3qkm;a(ggc*w1f-vz the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is r 3;fm*wzgca k1(vgu- qeferred to as

  By what primary heat m3bicnz4 w15j transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurc,o 3cbz9 hca+

  Which of the following best explains cn316 oz -rjzywhy sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatur3- czj6znryo1e?

  A spaceship is driftif *quwbi7 ezm6mp :8h)ng in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentiallyzf6 e)p:uihwq 87b m*m zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectanguh v1sh;iia rzfoi)n)u9x 08t9rq8c3clar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twsic qvr; n3xiurf8h hi01)9 at8zc) 9oice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doe v*fuq ()cha(ss the radiating pc(a)uh vf (*sqower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of anyjii, moe8 e3) smou5)x medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mec wn;k+) vn +4u6qido4l0 pvlxhhanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva9cvhf7d hf ,,alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how -fqfu./p,krcs b(d 2 mmuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100s0hmk5 d9ex+oesps;lar3h 2 w 4,h+sn g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of watecqkw,43kcejh (o 65)7 94 hpbwyo +vmcyitlc /r, what is the resulting temperature cmct w(7oe9,5 +h)ylh64cwi qyvpjk3 b4/c okchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blockfkp j0( 2,d) knq)ytxs is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaa v1bi -6x qt5.eeffr4nc4s1ature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addkwm u8tyw 9503 ve2meling 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coppeqbvd w 2zgzzl*:r.j z a02om9:r. How much heat is 2bmz2v:go lj9dzqz 0wza r* :.added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h/j)p1aqt/nvh/el x8 heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at n .phwvt ) 48*nsq*3p)mdays j$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a,y/k0 b s1xl3 q oxf)oq :t7hmjwff.q9t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects mak arh)l+3t lq6n+*lmxce up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial l tm *n3+6+rlxcqalh) temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joulem33fwe8ac mbz2 cg d5ds d0n0* attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise ofm2z a cfg*de3bc w3nd0ms5d 80 temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagabj 2br,6nlohv+ei c x6ng/r.;ra Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all 2v/n;cr j6+nho lbg.xr6i e,bthe gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater useva5jh7wn 3)c ls 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take jn)vlcw7 5ah 3to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. 51yi2daso+y*-1q kgbg/ (v5j ekw vkq How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fd yqq-b/v y+1 k1g(*kaw5so g5 ekji2vrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g- p(2xczk fbl8, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knie/badk)40 c,w1f8oq9emxv g8y nd j7ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to 3q *hv ek*x:no hyaf5:change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How z0enjs qhx .tce 2r(:9d4t- wmmuch heat is required to melt 200 g of ch wqend2m4t r 9x- :stz(.je0ice?

  How much heat energy is needdl1p:+l3ba8 n .vfxs ued to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs t-ezjph9 z )put4kw,l j2j*w+io be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 )wqkk cz/gj)z7,l/ acg of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at,.iev frp0phz8i 8pm. $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a4j 4kt q4.0fr1m oh pc:gobyj6t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of o7b /dl8gwok c) uq3d-water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requir 1/pbgf7whx :sm6t0iq ed to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requuo .cv9/iql3) gz-krqired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.84lb+gwx4 e(za kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 k8 d 9xsg y9cdftz.5g2ncal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and itdftcdxg5s99.n 8 g z2ys melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concre )z5w* hyyk 52+;b yq(kpsl*orgs9c mete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity jm1g.je76wp aof aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminu1 ajgemj7.pw6m and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m bt(lk8 :;c nefzr.uo l3y 1.5 m. If the outside temlz uf83e.olt( c;k n:rperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0(k aw7,f88nly otw k4s m by 1.5 m. If the outside t8lyafoktn,k (74wws 8 emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cor yts ,tas0-bn )b4x0vz d+qd-ncrete xr0t day q0),ts- d4s+vnb b-z($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to tran fzg7 z3z .cr65alz1issfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tempe df- / 5lstht-5:xnl2wt qvi6lj*/qlwrature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace useib.v 0yt1 r5 hgmslt5-d for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powe 1tbs50l -g yrm5v.htir emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rad-dqib7 m4p s9 5dz.col t-0unoiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exiswy gx6fj-3xe3bouec1 v + k(m.ts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.