Which of the following ozo r vxmeul-;0osqw2 p5rb9 4gr91b 7is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempeu uc0)d+kix3o/ s:x0,dna lckrature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred twb9zpvt/ 0d.3lnkpr .o p.l/p9 ndwrt0vkb3 .zas

  A cup of water is sc/sxpn4x+n f)vp 4+g1 e eq3p 8pnk4ezeooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and theeg3pqxen4p4e +v zf 1 x +spn4/8knp)e internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends pdo g1;a gexq;(n*g-db9z 5kcon

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hjvk0v1 .3m a15st ep,h clhyl06m :miaalf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gasc al vk,0jam0ph v31t hey:m1 5si.6lm is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energyl lvkxjtis,i2fajv 8kz ,,owf /97 q+/ U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tha8h7/wf2 ev gctt

  It is a well-known fact tho :(kxddkvj *zod .c, fc45a l)md*n7jat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibriumd, 4 dc:(7o*5kfxl ).jma znckd*dvoj. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece/o4tnm5k :wcf dw uw59l-gn5 j of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater m-n/fn:wol5 tkd9wmw4 j 5 5cugagnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change al4icx5 b0is2 +pbvwph4tqg6j 7d)s/k substance from the solid to the liquid state is referre 4 pw6cpstx4ld / 7v5 kq0bjg+s)iib2hd to as the

  The heat required to change a substancefiu0xq/omto w )(sp+ktof1-: from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as thek of10opu w/x(f)stq+ i :tmo-

  If heat is added to a jab5mc;5 9*t n f-fsjzpure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze t+xlnel lwg(ymu9(lf0r :5*vs

  When a liquid evaporates 2ngrg3l23ibffpd7 :d

  When a vapor condense wesd;-gdk, q5s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gx s((8kx ++i k cgksqf.hb;4,6p iclpcet bigger and bigger untbqx s6+ ck csg,plfx(c (;k h8.pkii+4il it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water 0tp xv9mxms 42u 49hxvcauses

  Equal masses of watermb svwh(2q 2;cz)3 . bfjhg.hm at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of muv lh*h41a5-7 hfda(dbgj ku:olecular collisions is referred to as5h14*ddul(hg-ha j bf:vu 7ak

  By what primary heat transfer mechanisw no)wfva6;9p m does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in wvf;aowp 6n9) a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than87znf8lc 8 jnc a piece of wood. This is due to the differennc88 f j78nzlcce in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built f vam1k0g.p*j,k)va vdrom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempera 1a0k )kavv.,jmv *pgdture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating materiag2pvr/ ,l6cldk*j4tg6e :u ick+i(b vl with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite * (p+icuvg:er b/td2,lkvig k66lc 4jsheet?

  The process whereby hea8fnl8x9ffg*,y xo yrjnz:* 4ksan1 5y t flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another f4kr 8f*fyl sy,:9jzan n5 *8xg xyon1is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stob5( cmy7rmi ,d,s9q uove?

  Convection can occur6 xlkeivp xj7l8y+1 8f

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importa7a2 ill oo,9pent to humans in maintaining suitabl9pl,7ei lo2o ae body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceqlb jy-lzhf; 4,kltv/. jx,( jleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric he./ jlybj,f llkz4(vhj -;xq,tater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the s,,cvmf5 +iqo +adxw4cm( /nbo ame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied xc(d5/ fb,vmo+a,mnci4w oq +to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the r:bh/jpt.oaovq 9 hwmvu+9,zy 2 y.(i zadiat:y2pti9+zjhvuoy( v a.,/zb.hw qom 9ing power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referrec)e;;fq9 yta m1pyn s-d to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartth9 ;, ymk6ntk 3lbsj(h?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to *8fo aoy0i/3c5elzvil)xr: u how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much +z ldhtvc 0t1y8 ;.hmework?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raistuw+zn3 z)d1 pxq3 gb0e the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added toz x*.p:zf:qo)oj aj,pp 9/kww 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?jjaz.wpx k9f,/:q wz): oo*pp

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blosgcyo +w k;0jmd jb689j;t n4tck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 o:t*f/qsc /,x*31n snygfxxr kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by a( h w/uoh:3w+plj uc1ndding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consistsr o)ec9a))jjg: *optx2a x(mn of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperan e :tr29oxgo) m*ajp)jca()x ture increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated 53 krqytc +k*nto $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of c ( 5acnox40yd;az3xb yopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material mx8 i*:q)5y c+k-k b*m/4 ye6f)oe mbesjbjaiat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make upjzt u( ig4u-0f a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial t4j (u u-tfig0zemperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule at2spkm;- jp+ w.jdp3 n a*.jlhh uc-p,ttempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blad2-k;,thpnupc lmawjj3hp -+s.p. *jnc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niad6tvuycq6, u9 ze8 v m/b/9d)ip5x 0fwub j+xugara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitatio8wd f6yv+ux9 5tcx/6 uz qmpb ju idub/9),0venal energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hwjhi8r20 zhc1cwh-e7 n sq1c5eat loss, how long would it take to heat wa0cr-8wn2h j z1seh ccwh 75q1iter in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wapku.lzcr:w ug iv9,8lf4dou:0n d(y0ter. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wagu:wku 4.pf ndro0 uclv8:9 0y,dilz (ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (5;z jzphs lm/ ly206rzmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bli1 o: 7rkcti3pade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fpy 5j2giz2s z6rom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requ)y2sm2 euyns eul*/( iired to melt 200 g of ice2el m(i y/ny2us*s e)u?

  How much heat energy is needed to chan.qn-lj. ob r*lge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removemsu1,zt0*q 41:d uu(qriu yf)qg qu/md from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcalsx/ 82k(ig-s mhz vlm9/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inc7xkx/ 7,wwj mitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at; 9 )afoic5o yot)2sa e8:eqkn $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed 8eur z 1ze/lm+to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change ow:nvaw)i(n*9 i omf zc)/lgj+y/zkd 6ne gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to- 1zw* o)m gg+ifmd2r8geb7xa change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea h d6 2c,d.nuruh 1gv6vby adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 59an 0ld,sc(xg 7-oxnv .9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meng0x ( 7s9vca-nx dol,lting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concretr42qs-,vpx72tg 1q nk uqr8nqe is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onemdv/fwmy.p fltg*n, cw* 52std 0o 0l+ aluminum and the other brass) are 0fo 5m **0 gf/wd lt2m+c,pwys .nlvdtjoined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If th0mk+p8wly m vc-yno 18e outside tempw1 kvm8 y0+oncl-py8merature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5pzai(/ 9lvq+) flc qh3 m. If the outside temperatur(qqc9zlhv)3/ plaf+ie is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 ,r y7n ;rm-cstpjcvgf,,)b42qj7 wdb hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (rc2vcyn,q7j4bs7 bd g-,,p )mtw ;rjf$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hea5cw1;v5/ief 8awmqm2vcen e ; t through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temper7gukkz-nq;kd1d7 w)73tuoxn ature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for :hhn ht +fdn,)mp8(zjrefining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant h )(:8z pfdh,m+htnjnpower emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whenptht49*r ry* k it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collectdon *sj;1av8lvh a3 v3rv5+ lhor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.