Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energyrt y1 r*rx eenr4v9l3r78z5xhge m/1f?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of r8 6x2muu9b 7is g+wqjwater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetg7oad phx 3ci 7p9xn89ic energy of individual molecules is referred to i9np 9og8x 7a7xcdh3pas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempera2t8 gju(g/ye bi 6xsp/ture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimm ebyjxiu/ t/ gp862sg(ing pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depel3j9 trhasgf8 /q2wmc*j;+hu nds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until ecm dn *jh,1,oits volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half to*e,mj n1d,hc he initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy dpjg/,s.- y jn4o-lbu )pn,lceb;k ;aU at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do nnfjzec,2h6 hgk4h 2 d,)c z,dsot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water ha v,zk4j7a rzg2s a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amounk2 j4vrgzz 7,at of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alucd)1 wo;m4 e cc0.sc 6eisoi0k/wq )dfminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the c0cocwi1d c fs q4me;.cw6ed)/ )ok0 siopper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state i+fisk6 l wdr6;y,y8be8x u;f ds referred to as l6ur8es;y ,i;yxkd6 wffd 8b+ the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state:gsna1,t .q ni is referred to :t qn ains1.,gas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ;m 6:n ynst+jerate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesz 8wat;b2 iv9.4k eyvp* yeb8i

  When a liquid evaporjwhx)y fk1+*3 asg/roates

  When a vapor condensesd5m:;irl0d9 2ol e d ( eqwy)h1ucbn5g

  In a cloud formation, wad +qwv hcd9z2by m k9+906q-xgf1eq hnter vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tempera d 1bmk+9 6vg0y9w9h+q-qfczd 2x qenhture of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling waterq djv (sxpls m0.f.(2r**jjyz causes

  Equal masses of water ox:w0efvadd j pu -5*(r/s6y 5cdphe0at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions isv2fmw 5-l.d r+pk;iej referred to afrkel;m -diw +.p5jv 2s

  By what primary heat trmo* kmq8q r0kr(-q g/rx,xr;ransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in, (0mqxk-/x ;qrr ror8gk* mrq a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metaloy0gccuun 64c-ki:s x16) 4sg b7jfq i feels much colder to the touch than a piece of woifgqcygx)j6in4 oc- s1:b76 uuk 40 csod. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homznjyh 4:, nx 0xrtmkxy5.j(vd3q- gt1ogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a givxm jg1n5q,y tz0 rx.-tnx43(d khy:jven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a laywuxi ly69k.bog; 6t8ler of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the co 6k wbgx ;t.6oiull8y9mposite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of moleci7+lpfkhd-0c0k ak v :ules from one place to another is referredck+ dah: kv7p00-iklf to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot ofzo.iyyt; m* 0z water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurba x4y;zc3)sr

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in ma8cm) yynue w 3hpz+-r+intainingrpm-c+ne why+3z8 )yu suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration o07ix ig* khafpu-6 dx-f gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents cfa6- - xipudi*0k7gxhaused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses buil7t4 c999 cjruts+shc xt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other.r+ 9scc s 74jxc99uhtt Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature ky h r0:(stbn-m 9+ *ob) kd,samxjlk.7eo7 ycof a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radkxr7t .m:s+ , -bksnjy(* bko7) 9eohlad0cmyiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of ang/5:kp4w t,o jl3wmmqo 2aqn -y medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doe -jk*i)ik7 sv:- vgkpqs the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to20n29pelr 6m2 nyepyl how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ho8 yhd2wxq au3z7p1qilp(23aqv 7+ f iow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisec 7)m7h2cvqhe the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water,(ffbk6u4qr f5 what is the resulting temperature k r6f4 fu(bqf5change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at 0 j.:vdiczv;q$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempera 49/lanasei jl b)y+5eture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up hertn e 6 s qxcpc;a/qp+ i1ck*t()x)rj3o bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and id/dz4b2c:sp0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is add2d4 c:/ spzbided to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is he gtx r7tb20as7ep;ts .ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiayqpw njwy0y j*i2zzc no 1h9 :0gt../z84qpm jlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at d9s a: vnr53 +mc(r0qmg+wcqv$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from 0rzpd1u2 hk,x)ofk+hib+a j, its surroundings. One ob d,z, 1oj+ )xirka+p2khbu0hfject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between vaty. e2gih64dxrious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expectiy2xth4.deg 6 for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagar (qwfbe xnox*9n7 5rss24o 5lqa Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravit7xs req xos 25of9nw(q5b4ln*ational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Am xc-yf s1a-g6ssuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water 6cx- gfsy-1amin this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heatnyn*uv ;ro 6(.h xt9nc 20 kg of war n;*nhyctxo 9(n 6vu.ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, iu*lh96ubb/lx6tvah swj sq:.rh:2/ $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat:nkl)zacs(w29se b .izf*a , u = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removqzyw7v s 7ir(*k5wm+8yhs9t red from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion olvb:84m kqu/b cfxo8+f 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ixlb8o4 ub+vqc:/fm 8 kce?

  How much heat energy is nqx+bsc i024y ; bog5 +3kapdnoeeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs t4zwtg iwed.6d;v42 ro rx l;hg-q86 pbo be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whv 5a+lscz6/xz8k -as.x 4gswuen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of waterl,9k9(gc vo,eke jl(k initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at0b f u,5zxib:y $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change e2ee t :bsps3,10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cu p.6 x,eep 5+ 65il d5-g3tbciwkhiulhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required w(1 sa6 pto0g tjkcsn bob0)ro +10-umto change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea,ar te hm5g4c64bv*7zw initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lenkck lz) g(0-had is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, kkzh0()n -l gcand its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivityb kv3-n x+1c6 xtz 2pdvc.umb6 of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (oney isg4,qde5x 0 aluminum and the other brass) are jo4 g0,xiye qs5dined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimehv;mt y.l0qm6i bj2v;nsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperah0i6. vm jb ;q;tvyl2mture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensiowm(wcqijx /,dzs + /f5vxv;azmsn 3gi7 64u7ons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe( saizm3 w4i7x,xu vs+6 woq5dcvg/z7f; n/j mrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hw9)qkze7 wti3 (apx+ mour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete twzexiq(7w ak)9+ pm 3($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to +s 7gqhtbeu9oj)e3 a*transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is los2h u .5zgq; aozed):kot through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, t zut l0lp)(a0she temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted thral() p0lzu0st ough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radzewrv.2 cbp:) iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecw6tcyw5d4u rtlr f188tion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.