Which of the followi/jfr 6 si7k(frng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thr :th8c7wgd,u +dkj4l e temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual:u 4gt g;ei qrt17tdq siw)2j; molecules is referred to as 41tter tg2uq: )giijws;7;dq

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swwjrd u+;jqb*u62+m k-d zg w+cimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal ene q++kd2urdbc6*gw+j;m w ujz- rgy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal givje+9hs cf 5o p3:7rvas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial l;t qpfnu.; x)volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its preq.)ul fn;; tpxssure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalb9))ukyz1jj jlkob 5v:a 6n )l energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is t, f(3jh eee t(i+fg(3fty gay.hat

  It is a well-known fact tha4tz5ex5sswf) v n +(fjt water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same anzs 45)(t v 5+jefsfwxmount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated srod oiyd9/,i,hlati 2( 9 rk1mystem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal conta2od(, 9ir ihmtl9 ro1kd/iay,ct. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the -:osgjsjjy+mi46 zi1 solid to the liquid state is referred tos41js im j- i:+zgyoj6 as the

  The heat required to change a sub,nssx np1t s.f0 l( 52uzzkh3jstance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as thz3n x nfpj2ths s, 0kzs5(1u.le

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rateuj5szt; r fvo4 i;,1qw,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze gym.gfb+d )8di( yt1c all(t1s

  When a liquid evaporate,nj.k j a 5va:ni-emt0s

  When a vapor condense3ib 6ogof/ik(s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggopimw s* 1t3p3vbv4b2 3upv2fer and bigger unt 42v3pobv wsmu31i pptbv f*23il it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling w2k :m5u :kcaadz r62bzater causes

  Equal masses of water at x57l2jojcvx0fjvjc,;98 x bd $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to qalw9ez1l u . y*4p 8d--wuqajasj 8quzdlauqw* 4y1l.9-w-ape

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism:i o3 ge:(uwkm does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fl(ogeiu:3 k: wmame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece jtg/vl2l-gbt +gzbd u0+4x0pof wood. Thixl l+pjt0 0+dgu2bt/-b4vgg zs is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, jc+fl,ty ep6igl 8):k6 wffv6 the rate of heat los ,pliff6:gfk6)e+lw8tvc 6jys for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a x2n sgw2;e fv.layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal v2 egx.sw;fn2conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by thegi hf )e)t/uf/,t2q vg mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referref2h g) )q itev/fg,/utd to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a r,s2:ya;/*nub vskp y pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurpvs.v jma g7lb;i9e. (

  Which of the following bestdw px8p2kfrran2 5gi( l9 pd; sb;p.j2 explains why sweating is important to humans in maintai. pbkd5l(x 8gr ;ran2f p22ppwd s9ji;ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting noi0z4/; aehme99bwt in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin im 94;haobt z/wi 9e0nes heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from thejt2j jppllo0kk l; h3 3q6g*5w same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, h63gjlol0 j 2tqjwkpl3*p5k;the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fzn;y t ;p ehlg;5my.x3actor does the radiatin; ;n;z tphle35y gxym.g power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is a9fx2qyx9 dcb()9c qureferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun waraf vxse:,-:dom the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalentb7xln m *7p41r8rsq y*8v2ct +pp xzgy to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiv f 9y;w jq-xf:,j+rbbpalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1005 je/i9xs3 e +1bevnwp g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturv t-ory( /fh;refo ryt/-v( ;rh change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is lv7(ph,qfp9c bhe. x- originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature oft b0slli s.p k e6f*)f:z1yzj0dhv5y6m6s ;xn 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of f o-e8fchjo llw+33e7water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron08jv a.fnwsb6sy4;q b and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear isn j;v4ab0q.f sy 6bw8f the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heataz0q2 ;plrixl*z20niy j(. umed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiallm49 oo8igzo*l1.hpbu 5 ldh y;y at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a)po6 s oprdmu59ohs pg+3 ;1kgt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objectsmv6 q2-+e h md;whm5vt make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial2 d;hv mwmm+5t-eh qv6 temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joudtpt;0 bd ,vd(qk78qqle attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise tv b78 (d;qqqtk 0,dpdwould one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanlcy3,fo4 g:k,xzev7 7n t(tmz ce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rze tn:yc3 (g7 ,xk7f ,zvol4mtise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wg; wmub6am:e a8gy- (hould it take to heat water in this a(h8yb mgu eg6-m:;watank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 2bwy9.7e l lpmdn(u,d9 v17bqm0 kg of wate,791lb9w l ( 7vqnympu e.ddbmr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g*rtr y)no7ul -2 uspx9, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heath tcx:6p,5rp. akchbpw)t q 0/ = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rem 3 l tjm1:tn;k3ml 2ruiv3bf+ex;+nyl oved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat zx +rq5 2.qew s+8ckt2 dt1egcis required to melt 200z5eqcr s8t1 +gc. kxqe2 w+td2 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed akn: ata* m)m;ut )nq3to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 gwk r47 ln3)m*nzpg.jg of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ic2x raplj 9vt07e69gvr cf)l;j e at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initij4fp7 /zhnj* bally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at v x:0-nm8hhh b$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of k 7zj;+:k*xm a gwqle:water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram g nsu7 *bf9 ou+6uxft*of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10s:l54ile6au m 0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding igxgrr oyw( r)nmol1s2j k94 5/ce to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapouep ,*e4 saeg-gnay6* rization is 207 kcal/kg, ea,-*ap *ggsuene46 yand its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is (m 72icgojar ua;au+2$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicp( slvk;j8fk6 e that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end v(s6l;p8 fkj kin excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hswgo2d++cev , 23 v25b l- .vtpbmnpexas dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperae+,gepx5 bpv+l2 owvb-cm.n2d2s v3tture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If 4d+c-e9hj+ith - brb lthe outside temperatu+b c4d- ehrhi9-jblt+re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 i:x99 qvuf1wp2lzk5k hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete :xpq9w zfk5i9l2 kv1u($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,:/ lne.t g:d8,aecn6h brv, ui000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kc:tn. 41exvvss. w 2avoal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatur 2qq:q 5oa+c rcfv+-pze is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small+qqv +rf z:c2qcpo5 -a hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bod4j;d5wbe (wx3u d9 /bqlofwv. y radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (eff)33 uylp5qvfp ective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.