Which of the following is the smallest dyvy,6gy0l btq)d7 x74f8tm runit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raisnfaail m b+o:j( tj253e the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the ave.whxz)jxknn3.z e2vqfbr hiq 754)b*j+r fy1rage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred toqqj)423b hzf *b xfknz5 ewrry.jx vn1) h.+i7 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of watertn3 5y *-oxqg lh2(ll(ljf 4gq. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimm( 5g3(q*gh-2yj lnlq xft4lloing pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends 1pnhm9n) q y2s rkbw,lgy1a)3 on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half t428h k dl yd2kqy8wgvhu**0z)hmwmg4 ovfs-*he initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial*s vmdl g2q4zh2*ky*kdom hg8 vf48 h-yww)0u internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal epjz*v bd.p ,7xnergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesv79 puohfgi: rg:j/3 y do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water hauvo(dk k ;)/yi 7af8x+ efsxq(rob3;us a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement isyu) k/ef ( r;oqia+vo8k dux;bxs 7(f3 true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a acg md9s+ afp p3s :9qxr*7y-lhot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that s+y sacrd :7q*pm9 3gaxpf 9l-of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cha0tvu x /ywt 3ar59epq)nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred tw e9)3tayv0qxt urp/5o as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor-mdb mczvp6 9, state is referred m p,cm69z-bdv to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subsb4g+ k09tmu(q, )c ev mb+sahttance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezessdp,z. :xsg5hk2d06w8hmr ln

  When a liquid evaporatesj4 llit peu0u .t2 *,zgefp3r1

  When a vapor condenses9; rn+qdhrbzkdfw ustqbg)2w 811 ;dp/ea. o(

  In a cloud formation, water va0v ,xn z+nx4o 0 w8))qdilog aze6m.yzpor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the te g0+8y4)nvx)eonw lzoq zx .z0 6,mdaimperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under p*lpufk:-5omsb6zo 4 a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at cp u7fzizk7+* $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of wzwo api 8h3e28*j jml g)6j6bmolecular collisions is referred to asjbl62 3ome6w) jaji8wphg* z8

  By what primary heat transfer mecha a1ux:ye5l c uo:qfbzu)/+e n+nism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is plx/1fbaceyzo )q:+u5u:l+ neu aced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of2f pe-a impi zh-3 .mp9codh23 wood. This is due to the differenzh i2-o32m .f-dh9p mp3eca pice in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, 4.k4n*34 d k3ytbdf q na4kzthhji;j7ye5yq2the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acro*yd24kn7ey4i5qjt kz. hdt4 h anfj3 k3bq4; yss the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivit-d3w*w -eox1s-vc6iy 8c usw ny K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal con*c y-6wu8-do-13 excwvnsiwsductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one pl.re pw3:sh8h1geg a 0lace tlgh 31wespr8:ae0.g h o another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stoug6;l)y d,k4d. xd1vmz -jocsve?

  Convection can occurc aw+41do.qof jqvl8rs4f9. i

  Which of the following best explaiy p73h7vcqg+1pe 4jo pemcxi7)b0 ,z yns why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tej mozi7gbpq 7xc7y3p p+ c)e1vye4,h0mperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wqb +(z 8nr l:i-uoj/n8fhtvg4here the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about njuh r8gtnl8 vbo/i(4- q+:fzthe convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built juv81nt;id)u from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the l;t8i u 1uvjdn)arger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fyw( -e+)rgsz: oxpl15:y 6 /crsc yxnwactor does the radiating power gcl+cy) ro w e-/ rs(psxx:z1y 5wy:6nchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred o /)jxwnrl2b,to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechzzy1tp0q +9z5ha dix,anism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muchsdadhhilt bl 5x/2 xl,z4/ 2+c heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equival(x,gx,92czax re-x( 9x rcdkdent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempe 2)so w)vshqp3ybn*(5d-s loe rature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting teqzqxn0/3u op8z b(-r emperature chan-ze3zbqnr8( opxu0q /ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is okvo5(xqwo1 w +riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises th(i vzvs ;uh*l1e temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to he1npvl *y8kw7t bz.s7:;u xqoiat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 2m5ss-o*r v je0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the t2jm so*s-rve5emperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is mb1 zrakpio 2v7wkl, /(()a /bs khu:zheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copperw4 ,axu 98evvo, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atf*ytoc7 5/ehnr y5 ne, $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from i;ba,1 1sccdotdna 08dts surroundings. One object has an initial temperatub,aa1cdot; 81sdn0 dc re of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bezqi u:h 8u(qvk g puy3,/v,cs(tween various forms of energy by mea qu(8 schyqg, u vki,pv3uz/(:suring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumi0r 3j7 i.prbkvng that all the gravi07.r3 irjvk pbtational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lv9 5x xew cu58bpyff)6gtb1/ doss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frodpvu xbe 1xfb5 w8fc95y)t/g6m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used s8 - nse-ja urfcxx4m0s.pd/9to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frof ca/xpd .mn 8rxs9e0uj-- ss4m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masew* h 6ii4mu(5-yu,+ meyspkss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kni7.x gk1 o 2qs0kol1:bs7jyg cpfe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to c 3 lgqcyk*2z(6bd wrgz3(sm9*rw/t njhange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to me/c9c.d 8c- kxg)odg)zg5 ybgw lt 200 g )owgg 5cgzg8 x-d9bk.)ydc /c of ice?

  How much heat energy ipackcs2 : z)b:xgh2c4s+a, i hs needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g+r0qr*v wh8c4 8pgicd of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. gl c1).zr(vki nq q5w5When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initwpg4o-,1h ky k42r gicially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ataf ue0d) d4nq/ $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed tt4muuen.n x ;e6rudj ;-k7g(go change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is req n2)pw rnhshz c )k**nlm9)gz;p(hk 4suired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of pb8e( fnjs m*d6w lqimmsw r/m8s .2;,$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice tn2ouk dz. :eglxw5n c7( w;i)to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is8m78pv crqki2 207 kcal/kg, and itscm8 kr72ip8v q melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o,wgz t 6 8jb/;rjih6nzf concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two*tw7daq8h 0r9tp q( u8guzi6 q rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end th(dq 6iatp 0g zuqru* q9w78t8o end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Ifxuu18fp ei,/ lcjim) ea4 ,x1t the outside temft, ue8,/)xix1ua 1ij cm 4pelperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick n)x 4twvxmla:cxmi 5- k-cbow7b 62m 1has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is m 1kci2 nxw-4mt vo-a57)xxcwbl 6m: b$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throug7xm vm 4jld0j::v mc7zh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (v47lm0 d 7mcxv: j:jzm$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hel3j/ 47cmx phhat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost ci1qhkq9li5 0yew/z 5through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace l*h 5 qke+q f3v0-pbgwused for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through wv- q3kbh05*e gp+lq fa small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human 8 uj)pfkk.fn-09 hspybody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a s) n bo9:gi1fpl2s: 7+9 )aserv zsinpqolar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.