Which of the following is the smallest unit of heabksn,n ie(of 17kp;;bt energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise th(h2)xevqf;csd5i ik: e temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kineticvw bs o p26-rbv-sz(4)jybv8m energy of individual molecules is referred to s-vybb8-(w6srob)vm2p j zv 4as

  A cup of water is scooped wxo.gi0+mbdn q0n3j1 up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy .nb oq1m00jd+iwgx3n U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy 4y 7qi75w/m wzmrqop .of an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is d wcfhku-9(h0f cn57ifirst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it ch7hki9fnc-5 (udf 0 wis allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at g)jb; ct0tc/6i3i jrlscy7.n$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thatnip:)vr4 av( g

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity ,b0 bfmb-h0+b j0njkbthan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that arf,mnj-bb 0 kb0hbj+b0e initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up2lpa6yh.fvy5 (k8hmv of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the tima y k.5hphvmf26v8l(ye the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to c ka(xvs0 j8 z/voprl+fc6h+;xhange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to axpj( v +cv086o lxs; f+kzrh/as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid4fklfbb53, -z 5 dbeck to the vapor state is referred to as k3f, k 4z bb5-b5ldecfthe

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ratgay-n gxl1 p/b mor-)/e,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezej sq k8.fpm:p5s

  When a liquid evapor 9fczicu4d 37dates

  When a vapor condense6/5 6ltlgnkkrldz- a )s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropletsmi, ;xqn/pwj7)jsyhf , 00xfj which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds tji0/y7wf,nx,hfjjq pmsx0 ; ) o

  Turning up the flame under ab yl0m/jn. z9a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water ag8 wln3ah ya2/t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions i0z 9ca6vvk ,kws referred to acv,zk90 w6akvs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism u:*uf+zpez4.8 sx8x dt)nti ldoes one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end ixx* tup+dulzei8sn )z8 t4f:. s placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of 2z1j .*gxebjlz 31pvf metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical prjv je1p2 3*1zzb.xlgf operty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall buugdu +ay,mq*y, phx9g+kir0 :ilt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness wiu+q y*ypdkg9, :,r x0im gu+ahll

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivit;1;iv k dnweu/8+pmdcy K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The pwdend ;m 8;ik+/uv1 clayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the o e, mclft7(+pixhk05 mass movement of molecules from one place to another is re potkfc+05 (,ixm7h elferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wat18vt+*iqs(y xjgnb l9er heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur0c+(ib+s lgrs5grzl0

  Which of the following best explains why swa j4t1 oxb/ *bborpic; 6x2(veeating is important to humans in maintaining suitable bodce1o 2 *aib(bb x/tp jvrx;64oy temperature?

  A spaceship is driftw5pgenyyb.+0 el;)b+cp ecl1 ing in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heatewn)ey.pg e0 5 b++lc;cylpb1er, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hm,bqf2 mt bj;-rg,(yk ouses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would hmmb,qgkytr-f b; j ,2(ave to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whatvxr7xmb76nim77 cga fe30o)a factor does the radiating power mvc)6e abx7 ao mgfn7i37r0x7change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referrejf7f*qugrb k3im4: qog)7 0s.- oul ymd to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does am(p4+2bjj agthe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equanxi484ah68k 4z b mdbivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equ97auh k q(sir*o4v w+k nqr+;nivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed 3 a(5) xw6hbqk7sm2bcg4 blrl to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of w8xss c 7,18xbed jo9puater, what is the resulting temperature chx cj9 o8dxbs8 7p1use,ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block8a(evfm xr57 b) woum, is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg sc33hjg3f/:e t7 ii qtof material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath h*6wna(g4qy32/cbyx*slln l2up ;qt water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How mucvl2zweyp zrj12zw5 v 85);ozah heat is added to the gear if the temperatu5pvj1 z5o 2 razewyzw82z;v)l re increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h ;7ry:ah*ti- .jrgh( afgr7apeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, incd+l*bypqb+ x7 xbh: s-9wl 4fitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material qhp1wk,j g 7j/at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syc7y4 hk r+1kr52.) o *eyf/uds qtlqfnstem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has lhf1c+tnkoqkry q*7use/ )f4 dy 2r5. an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the mijy;ele:v i+d7b/ u0relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum tem0u;ee 7i+jybd vli :m/perature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara F 8pr)uze-,gbqalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is )geqp8bzr, -u converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assu62su ,b -mch 6 qwjp/qmrb2ek1ming no heat loss, how long would it take to heatbjw - 26,hrqp/m6quc k2mbs 1e water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long 7qdr( fsli kq-)2rm0xwill it take to heat 20 kg of wate0 dl qsrir-f (7xq)km2r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 oz/5 uwau ic(*; sw1vqg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific ( rpz8i59x7aestf(kff5 8g njheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steaj oz3zlgb58s8m to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How m( fgdhzc,r i*as,n n:.lm+lzy(fcu/1 uch heat is required to melt 200 g o.nnm , li(l,ugr(1/ yzsfz:h+ * ccafdf ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changeccd 2xj)zyo.+8u(b4zqc tkw6 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rem ,-bu44p4xa hrvjnd2nxbr 7 *noved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.2foudr.eg-utn v*mtd/ :u18e When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initialpbmy s) -4/w4gqf--nckb3w aily at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atgqb x3u3dstdevm6 zywiy; mg :*8d5*6 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k:lv 8q3uw ,mbsg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram oflspos0et8gur.um6- ;+ kfb gx4x4/tl ou -ug9 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 0n8qzho-+ azow-n b :v100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ini)q i/fr95 hgc-xed 5zftially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of jjvyu d :8d g:7v n9ab-+oj,gylead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pointg8bgjvd uo+ 7av-9 : :jnydjy, is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conducti(s i;flh+ ,(bpoy0 xsql6sv0o vity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twic5vc oq*1i) hpye that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equ1v*hqco )yi 5pal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm en*q5,wbz6qxh(*d nvjt0 ,ci thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature n0 iqv,b c,*xen5htzq (*djw6is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3vj4b 5s48c:jv w k0fds.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature v 85jk4sd:svj c4f w0bis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of con6)k) (xz iyx dhnce;4qe5bb2l crete k 4)(xz6qe il5) bnebyxdc;2h($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throk ayq:q+rh(:2la nq1xugh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through eg35z: cqn.j.bodp- i (qa3/. ar/ rnmwrrh )ba $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatureevo4 13dz6kq3wzb: fv is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of areaof61bv :q34dkvz e wz3 $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it m;tddf9*9,b4fab;,q i udj ieis at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effpx0ji 5:qkin eh8a)tg/m4/yf ective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.