Which of the following i 2.gsx.a9vf apr1cf9 ss the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of *. ,gj+ne/iveqpyzhv 5wgm8/1rbj a :water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred 1 bq jxiyfpp*ul.bq+ 4hc4w2( to as2qp*hq( j blxwy+c u ipfb4.41

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poo yujnme)l36 883z1da ck*zsvt:7xrqml of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both th16 :z* kt8qxv37lr sm8n yj)umc d3zeae cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of ankl1/grv m aa(2qgd59 g 2:sp7hcjwk( q ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until is rcioz 4873qpb)rf,x ts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature c) 7x4z8r ps,obrqcfi 3onstant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U +v vfxd pk74bj+t: z)hat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasti4, ohyx wj ,gzvayo+/,cally is that

  It is a well-known fact that wfcf.)* q o072mvtn*rtqxc*b v 7t yid*ater has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal eqtx**n*tdmoi *fbv7tvqr )yf27 .ccq0uilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up0mr+w j7l*1bf4boeo2xv 2e ja of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greaterla+0mwof4b 2j27o *rbx1 evje magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the :dxjz,p2vhw,j ;8 l6gh)*nty,pqaahliquid state is referred to as tl,y :qpa8jga*6 j, xp),wdvhz 2h htn;he

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is r7rzzt po 23xl*p+ne/w:mj0b o pje( 5qeferred t3/ j*z pzrn l2xm: 0w(7oeq+o5 bpepjto as the

  If heat is added to a /5k4ej5g czyr pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezespm/n 9tj-0ekc

  When a liquid evapor1h q0xis,c 9fdates

  When a vapor condenseivu98 jday:w2 s

  In a cloud formation, miw++ loh aelb5/f 8 yd;i8jf8water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger 8iem daobij/y +l f 58hfl;8w+and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cau9sd3.a kal9cdses

  Equal masses of water m*-zvuxb8,3 mfu3a k vat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referr57uxs. je 4fr;7oeymcmp+k*hed to as eyhm;xf7om5*p rejs+kc 47.u

  By what primary heat transfetf8 nn6f r.; 5vof*beir mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed i;vrft.o6fb* 8en 5finn a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metawu imr qf8hk/o 0.vcp0,pniv. t:7b 6dl feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference inm6pkn,br.0 . /i8qufcvwtipo 07h:vd which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, t )+ rpmyv*e s2rkhi9d6he rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the t)hrm+9k yes v6*d rpi2hickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is p b00jgs r9ghzf0iw(*xlaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. Thew0h0zi g(b9*0gsfxjr layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the jy4zgu:3 2/ *l gtqjlpmass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to 43:plg l j2/tgq*ujyzas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism2m s9 ,j7dzqiq+gpzp0 is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurcg ol:z-a6o sq:;m 0xf

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importk(qwx 1lr6z -5t0okhtfl:h 2 kant to humans in maintaining suitabh-txo h:(k0tk5r fz21lwkl6q le body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wgy2eruy1/c o1here the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an el1ycyu /oe2g1r ectric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built f (,;wcxjzd/d jww.k l8rom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would needd/l;cx d,j8(.jzw wwk heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doeozi0a e . 4ifsa p93/fmz2af5*/zebwk s the radiating power c aei9o 45f0amzbe z/*swf2/k3a pf .zihange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is1m,0xpomvu)x referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mexbi )vl7xe0g ,:+(pquhu: ggechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much r6fluu(nif 1 ( x*org(heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mup 4:5a wm0hyrkch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead 0zakd*f,(v4pajv v ,8r z g/jz($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the 4u 7jkptuf3eh/k+8z twnme ze -,/bj4resulting temperature change?-j,7 / 4 8tkmzkut+ne wf3hp4 zee/jbu

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ; kc(i8rv*sygoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of*: l: jhjj:uny 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her nwvi:ay.b4ne8w;c* 5 t0 pl sry8n ez+bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of wja1(ger e uqu snt- 28u6y7w1copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tempegt u1w2 e-y 1a 86ujw(7squnrerature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat :8 wnktei0pwt6)rpka:dtt8. ed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially h 8uy6n*w5/s, v1k3lo+uro svu qf(oxat $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at*gk q8 zs-c*rkm5cl-v $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isola8etkx)3 gk*jated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of 8x )3tek agjk*$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relati/l 7tv yi 0i*rasi.)uconships between various forms of energy by measuring the ri u7rt*)/al 0.vsiciiyse of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanc)ud qb qbh736n/fei v.e of 50 m. Assuming that all theb) fhv 63bqqi7un/. de gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss9 33 knww*jjsp, how long would it take to heaw3sw 9j3pjk* nt water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of:5/ 3szws p fih,q-ind water :-i 3n5 wiqs,/dh zsfpfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,vw dch/h,,r mv2+tw1y $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spell7v.rmjv6svz9 s b5oe/8gj *cific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed frefal2y*8w6s n om steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required.lz3 j4z+z+dkcp4xc m to melt 23x l+ z+p4kzdcczj4.m00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at 7ewi1 ka yj6i85m:cjg $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to qn-01ri1 sa:jus9klg be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80mw uxx-yqn(ok ev-b)k7s5 u- ( kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initgd ow/po:;igo f6u x7,ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aw0 v)kx 3 rq9nugb:j8bt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to ch zybn urv ;(-n8o 8gx1kclf9f1eh:)np ange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramylq/ r 7o zo yj6(dt -fztf*wgy01w5;z of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 qs(d7+ue/)xd)zwwb 7 xa5ffd v s)iy4lot*0jg of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tptlx5 7qpt.*rea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizatio(m/i.93w5c oy 2u k jsjg-tidon is 207 kcal/kg, and md5w9joy j(u2. cgt/3k i- sioits melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiu si9v0d5 te4xuo vjval,.n+ *vity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice th m:wt1bfbkv.1svu.2 cat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermalu:vmc1w. 2k fbsv1tb. contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has z6ow;k-x ,d.kg;glokdimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperakk.g lx;;kowdg6-o z ,ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimencsru-jxz: ,j4-wcw5r sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem-jj5 xc4wrr,scuw-:zperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 0qwncv c161u/l m iep92.0 m section of concrete (0 vq1nl 1wi6/9ucmp ce$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,g6rd r4 bvc+(gelnn ;)r/( nwu000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost+ yxar bx2hbbwwh)570 through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used gb9dyytebt ped578 +2 for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitb97b+peyd8 g5teyt 2dted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rv/8f2hjgo b5x5r c7f 6 k*imhdadiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector1n u-f*ggrp7+ swvt gz: s2rj4 (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.