Which of the following is the smallesdf,mzzgaf 8xq3bg)q o,7m4 /e-k h l7st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram cat(jioxj6fv 3 m- oseg, nuk6bu2 oy8 o4j441of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred n+p3 2cbae 1dbtopb c+n a2bd13e as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. C ejf* v 6xhzgo5a)jhzj9k9z,;ompare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmi 6vhhfzx e*;jj,59a kj)o 9zzgng pool.

  The internal energy of an i nd0g/yvt3bs qb .i2/l xb88qndeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is haloc2ea5w c,abu 00gg1lf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand untb agg02uec5,o1c aw0l il its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intwwn)b1a(;jjv ( y yt*hernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticals)ovpt)g k.xcg- . 1ydly is that

  It is a well-known fact that water hasmec dpkr 780 kv1k:.nu a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 ca 81 kedmpc.kknv7:ru0lories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up oe 1r3gv+s6f(o)at cw(jske 2 ff a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that ofe rf1 k)gecwfat6sjo((+ 23sv copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state ij :hyr-8u 7p7pq6l* o/vvf ooqs referrq: fv lpjh- 7*6u7or/8voqopyed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is s:i74usr vvdpd 5u0.:s iouh8referred t.vssu: i0rv o5 pud8h7udi:s4o as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady pgjd32lp3e4 8 m; gylerate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes l4/7m9xnwo6xjfuv 4 h

  When a liquid evapor /dp 4fh/too1 t ge 2bqvm1g/xqcm9e1p4z/c )sates

  When a vapor condenshnxshql* v 4*7 01 yz9u9uthnres

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which ge y15a1*jqsw txt bigger and bigger until it rains. This ws1*j15yqta wxill cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under 7drrkmg v8 :4nmrbk-:a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at3ph*r itwi zbh/b.ic-x +fz lm/w);y* $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heuya 9v jw ek500ugpq0kv;)w;r at flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to asy0vu )k arq;5 00p9 kvwuegjw;

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become lie8cv * -or ll/+5gvrhot when the othe+/ie clvrl58lrg *ov -r end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metugclyp6v ,5,( ufy2ux al feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physivu cuypflu, gy ,2x(65cal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material2( ac l;,pdsyw, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature diffda s,;2p cwl(yerence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a9qcdzz th*yy2:l- 6b i layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layer9 26d:lbqc- y*itzhy zs have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofwapfizw1xkcw6 * k8, o;r 1s6p molecules from one place to anothi kwkw,w6p1ar s18xp* zfoc ;6er is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wz,- ;8 yzzefo wkz//lwater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur;yy+p3ae (seb

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important twy gms. jr6w;)hg6fe330b c /cta.z wpo humans in maintaining suitable body temper jwg eg6.w3rwza/p0tyc3bh. s6)c;fm ature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an lawj l7ht0, 5d av9o s5o2zs95h2mzyoenvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is 2sjo5 d5w9h5laoz 9m,haolv ts2z0y7 heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same mat(b/l4( wojnir d(.f qserials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Und4j.(fi bnwq (/( srloder identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatorpyd/.z tq*33k 8hbdmc is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powb 3.d zqck3dmhpyt/ *8er change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any med 95eeq mx9pqgzzr1r8 *ium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechan47s;ohl4tc 7-m9yeo :h n igeiism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much1*w7-dfn8ffuq 6xr e e heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hyrks- z9 n2s1how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the te9mcl)g u*yst:r l+ixz;1hd c (mperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resul -bjkr yk4/d0w:pj(u zting temperature chang0j/k jk(4ydb:z ur-wpe?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at o,l;offw8j q-$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of m wl v+w*69cohmp:ag191w73spp qqlloh.ov 9 raterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L ofw+o pzh9jnm9u.7i 8uq2 tol4p water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and3qy zu, :d(ac5cbc:wv:f / zkb 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gz(b3 : v:,dbkzcwc: auc5/qyf ear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metnn- bbm0 y lfwbr4,8k9al is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppe4 nit.-ef mtx9e6pr +nj+w-t04y ixekr, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material jva( w.g yvavqj11mw t3l f/44b73ehxat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system tharor tao-ydy+iq 1-4h l /,gg4gt is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tempe-l 4rga1 o+ghy t-4 g/rdoiqy,rature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explorepk e(/emp- x2d the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperatee 2k/mpx(d p-ure rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distancew2qd txl2/n;zakp3v fij. e1 ) of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enzd)2n .1tq pvwf j;ek3al2/ xiergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would pgc 6)pibop5vi86 ixc)r x)1zit take )8ip5ivx1px zi 6o)g)prcb6c to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to a 7 *4mi uhf6ggi,z,qpheat 20 kg of wata4g7hfu6,q*z pm, giier from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass nh(km8id p xpi+o5c.u(pfb2,1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bl,0m )-vc bpckfade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change q;i rujx3i1u* it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. omf;j d/0r h:d How much heat is required to melt fdd;mo/ r 0j:h200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changep2rp8)6h; gqf0k r amt 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1t*o +apj66 noby5ag)h 00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kzcbo 4rfbo -72cal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at raoxn n9zfivuxj. *7x1-.rg .$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a(hh.vm hk93oo 14) +kcn3rto g.cqphjt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wateua9l+wb( gj*x r at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramd mw z(**9vlo;ap qwx(3pp jo; of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changexq 8uyy2wd6d4 id:wz ev51m)m 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot hi 13;t*/y85uqsssm kn,wz2ra r w,entea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20;smm 0/ dhy0ipzg:6cd7 kg 0dmp/y :d0 6cmshzi;cal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete ihgg8 giv9nv h:.29)13qkuo vt,pf wfts $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum id/vd4s; ;cfofa.*s ot/lb*i is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end toc/os; *d.la of v 4/i;fisdbt* end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsi6 makwd;o kmnb5y/mp8b0 u+k 4de temperature ik 508k6;p m4kw+mdmb anby uo/s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.;,xo*bm w, s8ff2hww9m9xj ex If the outside temperature xx 9j s 29*fmo,fe,w8b;xwmw his $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectuxhag 6y apl.6 l+y rhi;p15z.ion of concrete (h+yhi.p l61gxlur;6aa.z5 py$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tvpwrf.tuvwj, c(v6: .o transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 40b5gn )sk/hm6e x;r/ bi00 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored j1tgk-w3h9fbt 5 5gowa*d q(yby measuring the raattydfg3- o1g5 95k(qh jbw *wdiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it y*sd;(cg hx76+lj uwd is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside 6mr:m 6hl2pava solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.