Which of the following is the smallzmtjo98qb:jv507y/kj8 ne t z(t ts(lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water byp lsl tdy2or05ovz.8- $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecum7 k: ynuoolk*- er+o,les is referred to o y,kknmo -u:l+ 7e*roas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of w,0hccos26celx ) 9bvcater. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bc 6bo,x02 c9e vchsl)coth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gasx i-:9)9p, evnim qt6 cf8qbjk -2vvfj depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the iaej ib72 hp:ps9.rh 8w2uve3 nnitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gapp.s2ei2je3br 8whh79:vn u as is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inmnn. 3kt )jw;8lz:xga ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not var9)tis/k j amsc9)gnw,y drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that w m i(/y+b7zmxrater has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is a(7mmybi zr x/+dded to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumi9i1 (e qa-(wsv x2km pflmh1k*num and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact.9ksk1(ewx mva2 (p*-mf lqhi1 The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid tog83lkir(b9 h90pfvt cw s(q0p the liquid state is referred to9fi ht8 0(9(ckwrvbpls 3qp0g as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is r+(wl/xr :db+htfxq1 p5d gl;k/4 dmuheferred to as1+/hdtl / +xuf (;:dxd5mg rkqbpwhl 4 the

  If heat is added to a pure substance 2gyn06( n9 dgu0bb wetjura- pa1z- 0gat a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeszzelr)a28p+0 l5e,ww jlo 9 kg

  When a liquid evaporatnf i.cb-jg6(y n h0f:sws l ;v(gz.:ides

  When a vapor condenses+zgw:+p+ 3hwklyb ik;:k3x *hy1xu j p

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses xn l 0;web+enbgo,e(m4*4r ryinto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in thel (enb e0e,gw4r+ * b;y4xrmon clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bo dt9q(bn2iutrs7;f1 jiling water causes

  Equal masses of waterj p..t)6 7wagw lxlw4 7h)bja+4zsyapij7q f0 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular colli5 tg jtirf/08bsions is referred to aj5rig ft/t b80s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesg ro7d( x 3eswf(6ywh7 one end of an iron bar become hot w6h 7y3g7e(owr wdfx(shen the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than owmk8 4t3 yitza6 o5m1a piece of woawt mitym584ko z 136ood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from 1hs yq 5dg..hbmz-itd0 k ,at o96m;bma homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperam,dtk0h1 h;ybq5 .sd 6btgim-.o9a zmture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K /x7 zzd68bv8 dl4ac7jjf ssanzm/:7nis placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is d az/m7 nj zvazjd4cs 67xnf8 8s/b:7lthe effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofg x7 rkiq: yy-e308ekh molecules from one place to another i7erk:i8h30-gy kexqys referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heask exx*jz;5kv u68 57i mfy pjxv0p:6+9ntrebted on a stove?

  Convection can occurvm 0tp-5zl )ak

  Which of the following best explainsyh u8efiw(p 39 why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body h3u(p9fiw 8 yetemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelepz+l *vh42rzeration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the conv* hzz2p+re lv4ection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses buil5fcl84inypw(( x1 2q hvbnnm 9t from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about then(h4nn f 12 vmiy89qbpx(cl5w rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator 1w)xa7j e;bcu;)bnw t is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power ch)cew x )j71bbnat w;u;ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred kap u*jyg /j217if0 uuto as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thje-gj2f.oz*dw 2hw j p c3g6r6e Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalch2b w o4k. xmo::chd0ent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent ts4f p drp;prq3,4v.o oo how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of qrb6 s3(tudw /100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 3q8gio oqihw;n v: i:imu+ 2y br*9o*x2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chanxiirh*+:n*9o2 3bom y;i g u:owq8viqge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi*y jeglz q 2r8o:*de;rnally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thnd-jzr1xm/ j8 e temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wate)( q3+bkqm hd qk/sni.r at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consiqtx4b fs 83l*/w*epj zsts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to 3sj 4b*w epx*zqlf/t8 the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatetutzn)gu7*qs 52nx 2 ld to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper/..vz8n6dl8hvnwmkx e7 rkq2, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a0g56 7d sfhupqofl/ 1mt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isola y e6r4hqo bbkt7,x7o(ted from its surroundino tq6(7 4hxr,ko7bb yegs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to expl ( .fssc,ri4kqore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fali sk(,fsr4q c.len down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a/ o24foby hi,lz,8z5j pxp 5,inmjt:n distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by whatz ,o 5j px2 b54jioi/m8hy:lf,pnnz,t temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lcua-n(vpx p6g,e*oti,- *rv jong would it take to u* ,tr*-,gv - ix poe(acvjp6nheat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How r6j1rs)my 4qwo ayx 71long will it take to heat 20 kg of watqsa7ym61x ow jr1y)4rer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,iq c k)sm20zh+ $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hea * s:c0+qa bi1vq)vdjot = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to2abt.1 3z,-hnqmdcb tnxb 1- e liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion oqrm t) .pmt1il eyd )-(.ml,;bwlga2d f 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g 2 mrp-gqam ).)td1l;iw (d.ely,l mtb of ice?

  How much heat energy ls24 *nba0fa9wzmp.cnus5x;is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from f5()kht glyk p()-fgx100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice 2dr 7n0yxz0 kuat $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water bdkp la b.7gy7j f+0c p0qj9h*initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atf ; so4p8vkx6h $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water8 nf-wl++*fg/3qywde,xjp vr at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to b 0yciyg, r;y;+dox*wchange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g/8mc 9s b /nagn7vz1da of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, i,x l:4yzseg3a itf 0z,nitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is cpyivi 1bu*4(207 kcal/kg, and it1vbii*4 uc(p ys melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is iq--h b;e.pog $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of b*3d8b3cv gwg mrass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermbc vg8mw gd3*3al contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 mjj gw.p;4u;ag x(0vu y by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is ; v gpgwuj ;a4y(.j0xu$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0- 8/lw zwe,zgp m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature ispwz/ ,g8elwz- $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1 cd+q,l:qk5,bl2au:s( -w kussyc ,e p.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (kysq :2ll qs,+c5,ucps(dekb-uw:, a$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take r),7n t- os vdw0hmapgd/, 3qa6p3qzwto transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heav4i5 gc*zi:nda) qzon 0d0l i4t is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel,g7t c9 urlw(4s the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted thr t7lrwsg(9c4uough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hum9tns-eb5 8 ytxan body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection a t-;gdqf9wpc9 rea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.