Which of the following is the smallest unit of hkj w08- *ngehxmvz/9(u3k0) wwfzoroeat energy?

  The amount of heat nece.)0uxm muv;r12ihn q 7z5zkvsssary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averageb9qc)hv4u ,9n16; cajrk uzz vwt4,fy kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to as )f vw9b,zu6kz qy;ncu,ha14v4 9rct j

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Csu2dft2y5 tr13be n8dompare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swi2e2b 1dt5 trusy38dfnmming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depew nolywe-pr 6.u 0f:1ch)xk ubk5;hd.nds on

  An ideal gas at STP islxh1 rna(2yy2 ,,jxq o first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the fina2 2n(yx,oxral,qhj1 y l internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inp,zvm 5dq9f)tms1)j c ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically pd.b 3,zvis 4.*rie4q4 ilb jsis that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific rx0d z1-rvwph pt (n 2)-0gw--aqvxcnheat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is addedn -p(- 0v-zt1wrxwvcgp -r q0xd)h na2 to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminuma9 k/5uq51,ajuiy00bu e c-ffy:rce m and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity or5,e0jyf091iqmb u ca afey5uc: k -u/f aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chat:7 )nf ax)hjxnge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as :ax nfjx )h7t)the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stah-ix j5dsur gb,3(g5ate is referr(gu5rbja,3 -xgsd5h ied to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subwkt:gf xyc(-e ,qc;3w4div:p stance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze mlpp8l:,+om ys

  When a liquid evaporates,x1lj* 6f7ny )q/ fswjzr9rlt

  When a vapor condensesuz0 j2u-;s8y pab2bdh

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gf6(ex bna5fzhcud0+3n2oo4 p et bigger and bigg5o 0dcpnna42+ zu3f(eo6x fbh er until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilw+ t 0emxph:6bing water causes

  Equal masses of wate,af//xgvv+ykncf ).d za eu4 9r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molebodkt.- 0q oy)cular collisions is referred to as ).qkob doty0-

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does on9t r7o)rfwm* i0sfvi2 e end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed im 0s2it 9w 7vior)*rffn a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels --* .qks2i0 mksjxmos much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to *-xjq oims 0.2s- kkmsthe difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneose yhn5:x6yd 0us material, the rate of hease y nx60y:5hdt loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a lay9jkziw -iw04 lb ,;sleer of another material of thermaw,i ekl9z jl4i0-sbw; l conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heaubm ;-i8,8yua robbt.t flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another 8 uo -uybtb b.a;mri,8is referred to as

  By what primary heat traysd1- o z:ck0:mfym,e nsfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurq 1c(cbpt;,;rgsn8h u

  Which of the following best ex -jed08)4ycv ,)yz0 wccl qddzplains why sweating is important to humans in mainj-wlq z d, ezyd0))dc0cyv8c4 taining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of g,u4slqv*ws 1w ravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heau4l,s *qv1w wsted by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hoow :57j0gswp zg sbvob ,4cry k+b/59yuses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared tbp sw:jo5w 7/cy ogbs b4 ,+5rzg0yk9vo the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, byv2s3tl2ujq) udu9 p+e what factor does the radiating powel)uvpt2+u e9d3 qj2us r change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referrq +n k568nk6lmirf( bred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doj:lx.4 4/plbgxacq;ges the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat?au ta qoa(bw2 .:coo7(

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to;dmn9bvz3 wsf a-/i8n how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperat6gr 4us 2ul.gnure of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added bj1s w1g2qfm4 to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change s421jbm wgq1f?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blhj 3bdo6b+, y2f41cg* m,qydw qwv9t oock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 qhy/rx:c1m f8l jbb;(kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adi)4qrgux1-iya w5f. v ding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.i 4xfj9ch0w2 b10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperatuwc xh9f42b ij0re increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to :x8m+j 8 lbj+gj7ytfc$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, cuozdmi5s (b 51o; maad+q+ f0initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a(jp+ rjtv3(bl9u )imct $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects 2,o k(kb;t enk 6is;wjmake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroun is(; btjokk6n 2wk;,edings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshbhn -.kihf sbu5j)f0 -ips between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperaturs jiuh0 - )n-bk.5ffbhe rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dimfvfa4l29yq 8tsn.j) stance of 50 m. Assuming that all8 vftyfqns 9j.a)42ml the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no : zh7lnvu(-(iy 84vzp;fjhsq ,0a carheat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank from h7v8c,:sz anva u; 4(hf-piy 0r(l zqj$23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20hb6hbud0wp85b;7nc m kg of water frocu87;b wh d0m bnph6b5m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 l1wtgro918b ng, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = e4 lz ):v-ho y6de sh/sqgfw9 uj21tw+2wmt+ p$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remov7 3sz nbt ;nqi 0phna3 fmjmk16a68a5yed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/azj */ti cc*:okg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice/*t :zcjioa c*?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of f5+ -l : :qvtxhy6kkvuice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of 9vz,vz r-6lzz$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is a 8ex4h6o yn*o80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall3)0yh i 3tgksi.xxd g1y at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aewr0r2wt2*c ft $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed twpmx f+2su+rfje a5-,o change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram 67j(zxrjm-+ffe8 ob bbkk.6i of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of )a cuf21t 4*4l2n psoktq-iiu $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ig 6vm kwwh,h2n5/tbq: nitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is peqi0+irfv4 r ,y5+k zzue-:wlh +q ,u5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mefzuq:qiy, + v+ p ku-e+e rlh5z04ir,wlting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivit4 l)tp9fy /+ v)w+pfpquv qwz5y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminukg binvk249 jof8n ;0wm is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the bras24n0b9 k8 vkfgj; wions rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hml)z 0 azu-e kx.8* 9wp5f+tfr+t vyynas dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaa.+mpz0 welkzy-ufyxt r5n9+tv8*f ) ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1b-(ny7 tc zkqyy q( dpk-,s1n9.5 m. If the outside teycp 1,y7k qqtsdkn(- b9y-z(nmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour tz vazh 1no5w x(5hl6* s shrh5+yoc+3chrough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 15l 6x53s+* nc(whzhvoz hcra+s5 yho($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to tra *rx;hn87dfn0 5ojd h/ kqkeg)nsfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcalt o+sj- j0nxs1 of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining6ej kj4.7s4+osu ovlpot7x7.bqs0r n steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radi0 s+xojoskr4j77q6v.. 7btl 4ueopn sant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eneruwyv9r)* z9260 k0 v gak6jtc.du jbwsgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectiibr37o1/ ya 3u amwg-ive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.