Which of the following is the smalligmy z//u.8uj est unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thtfdq : 26ypkgswje8-pj)pa4+-(q jwve temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is .sij.9 8j8:pn3a8m w yewgimjreferred to jnep .i8mwg.mjs y : j8i938awas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Comof8+hue/4zyvw4j ocj. (u e ,opare the temperature T andz 48.j ejco,wohu+4uof /vye( the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy ofph3u 2ps (h:0mom3g vf an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volum7g ; 3q(0tqzmlclo-y ke is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internall3yc07(ltkzq om ;q g- energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uhiu* n( )tj,9wnve :mg at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically o+w fq0d:lhrvl i,9v1 is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacwqr0tyhp 17j*ce0 5v lity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 caloriesh17yl tc vq0p 0ejw5r*, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made8/boy rolxv+e a1jb8o/c 1b 3r up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the8jo ar/br y3+o/lx c e1b8vo1b system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanl/8.iso: c yv d5oke w8d ;)jlqyq:e;bce from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as the8j.sd vckqo:)el5yo;y: w dbli;eq8/

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor statekti ho-xe. j03y,5ehw is reehi5,.xto0eh-y k3 jw ferred to as the

  If heat is added to kbwk8 woz6mj7/ wkm2-(a*tpzr 0;t qea pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezese.s;z c oc4kl*

  When a liquid evaporat)ev - ty..xysc;od*s ses

  When a vapor condens+xo5tl dq2mkg) /gm7z es

  In a cloud formation, wate- 1pn3oitl(3uanf2ed r vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the a(dfitena- lup331o 2 nir in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame uy ,*+akiuk g 6-sr)f+cg6nsylnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a7/ k7 f6zq-*tosqkecm t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisiowkdbfu9wuq34nb6f88 lvn v/) ns is referred to as f4f v) 3bnl8buqwvukn6/9 8dw

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becxxyz/ phnoq wh20f1;9a3( bsnome hot when the other end is placeh9xz 3q ;n 1ap(bo0yx/ nshw2fd in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much c*gtjlj d7. 8*epaea8 golder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physicgp 8etgejal7j**.8 da al property?

  If you double the thickness ofez0 4f ckw: 5gg +wpn v+g1avwx.0zw0w a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the tgw z+. x+p50nf00egvckwwvaw g: w 41zhickness will

  A layer of insulating maml do612m(hpd;d,vu s terial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effectd d2v6 md,; pmsl(1huoive thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by thhvi8e)5 cfd ent/)kuk6wn7) ne mass movement of molecules from one place to another i i dt5knf h 7k8ne))we)cvnu/6s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wadr8cmt)() er kter heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurvgk0 jo7:1wj mely;vu4 gpl8 0

  Which of the following best explains why swea e3l( qy7x rz(myl465fq2 1i5frxlo tqting is important to humans in maintaining sui(l l3t (xq 5lqqm15fyfr2yoe4 67z xritable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration uuq )8)tl wbuvhj(o/0of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heatuhju(q)ul/v w0) tbo8ed by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hougb0g+ j4 w :5laoyf*atses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Undgagt+04lya :bw f5oj* er identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by j 4pe h9,1dqmebu c+-9dk,qqgwhat factor does the radiating qg uke,9h 4 -mq,pqbdd1+j9ecpower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to p ce8+xd.(vts as

  By what primary heat transfer mllazx9ibs:(1i46i: efbi 3s y echanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat?e2(af6ht gj3xs3d e (i

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to gm+z5z ,m b(jvhow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tem9dg.8vbyvl)sf2 2y;z0 dlgnoperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what in3ma kw(3zt ypz)t-(gdq1 t1 ms the resulting temperature ch)t3ynm((q131k gmtptz dw -zaange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orig4k.di)xc)m,pqvw 8l l inally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tets 1 0ab:(jtzwj n oax0h,r5(emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up hk86 3/sqmd9 bpeydf w1er bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much 5 9lw 581h3bfydno0upcr(n lrheat is added to the gear if the temperature increa955b8l1 c( yhnr0lur w3nd pofses by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is18quqf f.pofc,dc 3 y- heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of c,vi uf/-i*eutopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material aty q5ui pus.sz5j2)vgk f*dk)ig, x4p) $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thinzw9(dx 2u b+at is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object hasb29xud +niwz( an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the 9)mg p.vczm8-n-os p *ffh ws:v1vay7 relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would v cny7z-:9p-spvho8fs1*vm) .amg wfone expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumsa d t f-sh02b+j*ps4wh +q4rbing that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does b0bt sdq*fhsj4 ahp-24+wr+ sthe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, zqwo 641xqm ed2cby,4how long would it take to heat water wq41c e4o2zmbx ,dqy6 in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used9prjt,eya pny/0 g/5b to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water5a//9yyp,p bng e0trj from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass wi, im2w1yo8mhg q;x10nh0y h1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = m97n+fy v p:wa 8u*hsgz0, uwh$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remove 13ab 0pz3zl xa/,09xu j fmqq)g+fyixvp;s+zd from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat ip5x1mnn.kc o17qwj6 f ,*danfs required to melt nj1pmd aknf.w56fc* 7ox, n1q 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to c cf7584lsla jmhange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remov+ yn-xjizl04ha9 ygnqm:*bh1 ed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of9rfle50b hwj3iz4 x f, ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water init*bxhf,vj5 nb (o1nsj*c :gtj;ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atd4f +4v ;yiq,y:szcbo7+wqpg $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg o.*fn ) m7uldkjf water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cah 62pt.sxm(a weu(m pzpjb6::och/ 8hange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10z (6l-l0c ku.vspi :oz0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.;nxweso q8zu0 qrh)sdki0 ** 38 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead iw9nvdh ;0vn ssx42pj3s 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/np90 d v3n 4wsshvx2j;kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conducti,t/e oh5u,fge+w c5c.g4bfn xvity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of4, ulthfffhj96v.j 6 ibc +b6 o-7klnk aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent ther7, oh +ujbifckf.b h6-4l 6nvkl9tjf6mal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. v)ef:2 y gyhepw*z+l:If the outside tzf*wveg) :y:y l ep2h+emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimsi oj2 z:b-w)b.6*l viapma6c ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperata.: mcbz)balw6 o 6*ijpvsi 2-ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in -20*3loxvasj.fu sbn(nt3v7tc cm/n8gl 7 un1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (n .cc(3ng a ns7nxm-llj/f20u87 tvto u* vs3b$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,0dhfdw:atz:- 2o6xzh +00,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temper1l;wfo/fy; xe ature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel,( cqb f8 ir0cs2stg*:.wjp ys) the temperature is monitored by measuring the s:gb(ccjs q2w rf0)y.*tp 8i sradiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when d3wn6; / u8;mxg2 ctb)iqcywrit is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exio,bik5v/u yhu fkr ;;jjsq/q8 amy317sts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.