Which of the following is the smallest uni d; sfpol3zi 5v+u*c8st of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise tka ;xlqv*t)o/ he temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetf:55ggv -zn+fpcq.t6q c rx:y ic energy of individual molecules is referred to t:.g f+zr yqc6ncv-x 55pgfq:as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool6vhpjymff.+ s;27 dm5qm 2fjj of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, 7hs; yvq5m2fj.d+ mf6pfj j2m in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on8mqkwfl dy,, )zqk7k.

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its v)dvqabj,3 oo j6d y6e4u/cde a3;)ttf y*ojd 2olume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final idot t bofc))4ue*jq/;ad32j jdevy 66ya3, donternal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal.mnb zxu x3euy1y8 (9p energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturd( b)brlx *fsi6): brges do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than im4sivjp*e7o jegu z,k) cl. :3ron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amoueu4 pj3z.,oml: gskci*7)vejnt of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made uc,m) a fm:sg hiad;1:dp of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and ,s m ::agifchmd) ;1dathe copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqufn3s zi;x :z5did state is referred to as ifd nx:zs35;z the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapod.zv5wqftmg:t fnjoqv *b5,y0)6sc 7r state is referred to 0bj,no55ttgd m : q*vvfcz qys.6f)w7 as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at70 v7y3)ws4aoexsq ht a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesg ual8- poopg5-8 ksa;

  When a liquid evaporur5)brstoqi wx,y-5z0z(bb dq9be3 - ates

  When a vapor condense*t 0gv.y1okd.6vx- z-rrav pus

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets whyr25e.ymy uf0i/qu 9 jich get bigger and0rqyjyu 2./9yeumi f5 bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame 7a+ oqbexx31+0k t xm(l-kdvjunder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at+pwavgvc8nl3-f 8 5 .wfj(tdgb6fnm * $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of m+tmmzpw u*os4o ,/1 ryolecular collisions is referred to ast m u,/mozsprw1o*+y4

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an ironirs p:7, d-acl bar become hot when the other end is placed in as - ,l:dc7arip flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece-m0s. m.wxpe.u yx348/ iqezzo n7pkm of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followi w3k qmmme.exi 7p4o/z.ux.yz80 pn- sng physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bui;hu5(ib-foi wsh4 -+ hbrsp7t lxsm -8lt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for alfrph-imb 5-ub(s8;sihw 4xt+ -o s7h given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating a dh6e3i 2ea,u7vi6r 05bhq camaterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. 3h i5hdeab2ue0a6,r c 67iqvaWhat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by ,() h+t uj5a jgkz7jotthe mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referreaju57zt,g+ oj(j) hktd to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water h(d4hpcgjyyymz 8y .2,eated on a stove?

  Convection can occura3z x2+5 dl w4-g pj9ecmy5jt.cfj c9a

  Which of the following best53 r ny9w1 durvsog)k6 explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temr 5sk g963nyrdu1w)vo perature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where tth*l85ovt. q ,apcwl3he acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heaterqlp.lvt,tc8w 5 o*ha3 , what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses bd 8 ksd;4dujq)iw:bjb9 dp;:-yvz l/xuilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger houkdx9)q :-zpijjw u; vddd lb:bsy8;/4se would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor)zkqqm ;q-maoon.2v,e ahg ,0 does the radiating poa2q mqk0n .,a;m,vzgeq-) oohwer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absenc xl2b,g g4n otz*xhj+2xslb i+q1xy 1,e of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mech1ak 7uga:lgr+;+ b) z4lkblvganism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mmuc.go4 l(m9/jjhjy 7uch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent ngg1p sl3dgy) obr:c:ap8 8c: to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise ;cs no;5kt0lk the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water,6d5am: e+c,o h .e/kr ikuxnz2pf)fo) what is the resulting temperature )pu6e: ioo, k/ +5hfe fz rxdm2.nack)change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is original7zyp(rfp /m b7ly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2. m.t,hovwc.4)az w +j 3,vlvce0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5j0gqow)36qx dd, i(t x.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hlydjl6z 7v (g3eat is addedvj 6gzd(y73ll to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalakky vze;)(+em-e; ju is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,32/nxv uia53fl.vt0ush jg p 5 initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a- jkm*ku 2ubb j*ns(u5p /-cyet $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally i p .en7s7l6ckb* fgw3ksolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatukw c f7kbp6nes lg7.3*re of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relations fbh b wfn0y5d6-vy79thips between various forms of energy by measurd9y wn7bt hb0yf-v6f5 ing the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara lf et+(n:*u -qaqk;jhFalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy f*-l;+ qtjq( keunah: is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lonlvzn+o7u7 wv8g,9 *1j rdj njmg would jv8 u*j7r1 ,+wd nvon7m jgz9lit take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is us zl(d h0 l74v:2dpvvhbed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frol 2vv:vhpzdb704 hd(lm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 lrx tnk is-fk2*zx(7,u i8h9u g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = mf;)yo3q( movl.4*opygywsc* :d /co $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to jbs.np +e.i5u liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required 35wjei1s pympq)5 b x.be6k d7to melt 200 p i53y k5m e6 jpxseq)b7w1.bdg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice ,u pkwwn(li pm.36 ;obat $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1001 mxy q-5,h p1li;gppd g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at6dqsk krj(72 o $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially abd.u+nm oo4u6 za 0mv0t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ,x90wgrina,ew x6zfj*)zc* t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needi7lt59 dd+d ck4r c*jied to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredk;il:oqh4d) c+gtcnrca)b :2 to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100zu; sj+ 74ei8qpss4uk8 mlr)9xg na8f g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice tooy 2apsnio*9.cw u/*(n g8bro 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lxk-;ns*h(y9s 7zg rxa ead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kc;ar- 9sxzkyghx7ns *( al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete n wj,zstjsk55 :sab(:r)k* onis $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity oeqo1br s/.0yde -u i-nom:1 zkf aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod isdkr1o zminy: b-.o0-u1/esqe maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofp7c kkqw u/l 3ermb-tg:eqe l5un/,;; 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature iskr/ 5bqu3cwe;g ;up el:n- m tk,le/q7 $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsid1ygwlx, p/;wvx hz*9 ve temperatul9*p xvw,hw xz1/ vg;yre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of c bd ,pz+rn+zpm3x l.)eoncrete e3)xl n+z ,rp.+pdmbz ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat x r v4vl::buy2l0i1a wthrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat ikgm-7 r10q 4 k+x klb0zy;mtwh,oi-3+vus yhns lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temp*aaxt:vpa6hum *a -wj . 93jc6sdhgv1sxfz06 erature is monitored by measuring the radiant p shtpj smavg:f vzcxh3aw0j9d6uaa61 * x .*6-ower emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiat9. 1qzr wp-l: gb ql,:sh2jsxwing energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of9r c x-/t9ac v4mage6a $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.