Which of the following i(xr ,df)vm9o;u ah/hqs the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 ,(0diobt2 uqo+ ro:ocgram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecul0zsaa:w0c+fxpwc 32* aed2q res is referred to c sf:awzdp 02crw * e+02aaqx3as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmingpu16a gluv(znj +;3fy pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U ouf 6n +1;vyzujp(ag3lf the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends exjm9-bksaps.:vy4q r 99 l8von

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressedng:s3z:o8k+qluhn8zi / n7q f until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand un8:3qn7hi:qn lfzg8zk/ou+ sntil its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte1nn0n4dv z 9ehrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tha ,m*wa *lsozr3rb39yf t

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specifxhr6 dcek)pfx6*s3ga (gfv38g ip -/z ic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 cxgr- gkg*/6 p (h ifp3sex d3zca6vf8)alories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of al3l3zmg -a2w.(bifs0ekik m-,anz hz,uminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences tz3- bk0zms-imil (.g2 zn3 ,a,wfaeh khe greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqlzb 9sp5 x y,4qi f79;r2wcrqin)x6pauid state is referri7n;zrqxw)y95 l 6bq px2arf 4, s9pcied to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the v atbsf2k//d cp,z3*pbapor state is referred to apscb ,z 2 */b3dfkp/ats the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadth+d: 0ir7clr y rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeb,srlrmj y+ 30s

  When a liquid evaporat 8t-sh (ed:klxyj3rb, es

  When a vapor condenses*xg x6 u,:c,wath ;hib

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which p5d6 dqy;-wvz.ippb d)4yo i+get bigger and bigger until it yo)yp5;-zvi+w dbpd46qdp.i rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame underwgvi2t5v +bq4 a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water oacb07gu7u( e8( ,+l bstoumbat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to6mkz( 51o mcwa aa (zckow65m1 ms

  By what primary heat transfer mechani eef2q/zrc 3; m/nqwx;sm does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in zw3x;mre nq/;fc2/ qe a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels muq4bby ee6f( w63ew sd2ch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following qf e66 3wy4edwbe(s2b physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, thqv,jb. 69bfww e rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across thwqbvb .j9fw,6 e thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal cih 34kxehvo /+onductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thicio h+e 43xhv/kkness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molec27yih1/ h8 ;u teyx;mxvk ldh/ules from one place to another is 1dk7 ;v8/yhe xt2lyx/hi;u hmreferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechagbdpk83qngv-y 8i+ * bnism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur toiq(i/d7ku )1i;eau

  Which of the following best exp w1ukn3gzz 86alains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperawkg1u3z az68nture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is yjz3 7 ;opr9y )dk9fewessentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents z3 fo w99r7k ed;yyp)jcaused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. Onefg*o1n . gl,uy of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared yun ,og*gf 1l.to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what faiv 0;lf -xv3zeru44 fictor does the radiating powerx 0;fvu zi v4i43lref- change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abk.yig; -d uc4cqa nry;i/ml+. tfz3a*sence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat trans gd,bkd ;;pnkx5ph )w3p 2s.omfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equixsb .p (9lh7zpi cg:4ovalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivaluw2b1 (sguj,qo4 nnoo f)2;kt tu7zm-ent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead (fa .216fuyt lq$c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added bl4wys)f4;1 bvqdl . yto 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chanl. y1;bysq dlf4vw)4b ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originag7q9w jrlz*i.lly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature o a;3 u.,lwzcerf 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by kmt:hbd+9f q9a 2ghy 0adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.17g2ohe s5gm;p6 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear gmsh7op ;2e g5if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heati1riq7 c pa6a7lmlo3)r7e+t ted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiaxp h62y z3mf+tlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at k-ep7z uaa-itpb-6v :$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is ;//t3poj towz 8et3 a;pz igi4y-g(r vthermally isolated from its surroundings. One obiov/3ztg;yz83;iage/p4 -ptj( o wrtject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwetmga zo)a 0y9t(73vmien various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen d3tmmo (at avig 0y9z)7own a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a y hvdy8 ip03md*3e06sc j:gwkn6u m*ndistance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy jidv3 h86y *30cn* gen pd0mwu 6sk:myis converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woul)wm5y rr4:m xy(uyp9x d i m5x)xyp yym:ru9 (w4rt take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg ,xk ;h,m l;dzsof water frol,dm;s xkh ,z;m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (ma;x 8vvt fk 2 ;9w+-hqfp6jbyprss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel k3 r;;gu,dgvd pnife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rex;5qdv(3uk v bmoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 8(.uij hjn6qe 0gp i))w0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 2i. hp6i() 0j)nuqejgw00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is 3ssvw31 n8bj1c .qgry9mf; gm needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bex5o3fcw j9t9yd.mlqdfmk d ((99f.ox removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wmakq* u+y9eh 22:o gc yfi/)amhen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially 5um(q mqeyx ayvy x- b8hd)846at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a2vtzn 2brmug2.olsf,+4yi 0 jt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10c,q(h4rzy sgf p6k6 2h 5tq yr9oj4+feupj//t kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of)mu j*ou06roic) ;kvv $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 0d 8+jsh /-ixsjlem( k100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addu vob7o 1zx4ku1h(u f:ing ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg wo;(g2u z*-kwpzkui- , and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and it2(*giuuz-zp ko ww- k;s melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete6g t;n8.s g*4rvrqtd v is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alv */.tkq z k-pypb47rluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained atklp 4q*v.kp-zr y7b/ t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.ml/ px/tf:fglw g/ v;8 If the outside temperatulg pgxwm 8/v/f:t/;lf re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensixyrr- esxv o3l9 zlm4v:;peg+-m.iz1ons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temrx91+l.mmzzv 4l x3r gev:i;--soyepperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 mhumvk 0)nl ;e 1lv6d7y x 2.0 m section of concrete 6v7kv llun;mde01 yh)($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000whrp2n) 3 id4sdx 9ni:,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000i fzs w d(/odn8 w)(d9mm*4djs kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refinkqq15 rqj1 x2king steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throukk r151xq2jq qgh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating 84 g,sb j w1xih5ecvj(4r7rxz energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection (iz mbx) 6j+dnn2d rn3area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.