Which of the following is the smallest unp,yqoqb 6la o( ).uf/fb.yc 4uit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the gw( y;w 87snqitemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averagxku4 )9jc9kage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to as9guck 4)a9xkj

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of blte*pa9 cr6;h 9qp1c water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cu1 ;9brptpccq 6l*aeh 9p and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ic gon-yjno03 (bup3,9m- u; hj+yt svkdeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first ccn2p8dv k9r7ja q5tm5zxez6 ,ompressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperav2j 59e 7pxk 6zrt,danmq5 8czture constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enert1qk3 v;f1)tgz qq h+ggy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturexqe,qi u, 6,dns do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has sfm0/k gn 0ya7*l.8fsie:kxt4 2lgqr a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and isyt7g0:nmk.8*x 2/fgrafil qk4l0s eron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum cjt f8,nvfs7ed2j 5ng-g:g; s and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reacdjff7n g 8t-n vsg:c5sjg2e;,h thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanc db ppjnk0ufmbv+(ce6 l q/:-2mm)mh2 e from the solid to the liquid state is referre jn(b2hb mfe/mq mmp2u- cdlvk+6p:0)d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stcl tl5b1o)g,mk 8 lss2ate is referred tl8 c51kst)l ,gblos 2mo as the

  If heat is added to a purfa6d(ek wk4v0e substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezen 8jsc,ctjdi u 6bccy*b3 -(,os

  When a liquid evaporatetqhae .c.2 1g.upnfu*ei b0c3s

  When a vapor condense ncj:1qmfx84g s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses ins lyiw)gg7f.jj,f8j. gb9r:bto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air inlg )9.gfy 7wfsj,8ri gjbj:. b the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilini h)jp: ujgy16hvpv5 *iq8t* rg water causes

  Equal masses of water adl2u1e 8*lx xmreb*.s t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is ref-i ibv bmb3e1qs99.g0ine( wi erred to asqi m.vin1i9 e0s i9e-g wb(bb3

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of aawdc p7d.7 qn/n iron bar become hot when the other end is plac pddwa7qc/ 7n.ed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piip0 *4x (lc o1hbubdf4p.1kvzece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the folhpv1 c bd4ubpl of41*i 0z(.xklowing physical property?

  If you double the thicknes-8m/:t dp zbqnvhrg( 1s of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differeq1p/(: -8zthnmbdg vrnce across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating d+t kc.gl kyvw/.j-c9 material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the efkldtg./v9 kccy.wj - +fective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement gjh0u /,eivk8of molecules from one place to another ij,0h iu k8eg/vs referred to as

  By what primary heat tb e;: ,ju9uwxoransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur *m*.+oxv n( r1)l klwx;c me7wsrus2y

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to h(jg4han zim* lrm im,--fti(0umans in maintaining suitable body tempera(hji(i4m lrn zm at--i0*,m fgture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelexz:ur 3. l+wccration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convec:+uzcr3 l .xcwtion currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. wspbwaj380b y0:lu,s-trp g* One of p lsw g0bj3bt0r:*p-, auyws8the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempexco h6 (:pvzp:x9qsb .rature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chanhx:obq (9 ppcxv .sz6:ge?

  The process whereby heat ;kocv nawer,6o . yo.+flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sm eh.tqon*z(0uq m:2kjt * gk;un warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heukfx:; m bd2l8at?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equi9sr tgcs- p gv664k7lbvalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise tmu1/+fo/w +xa ,n g5pfdg o (m6zj.jythe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, 6/ d h*rtpf/0dioj+ ciwhat is the resulting temperature change?*t//p0 diidcrjfo h+6

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bltj8t- ;dej5efe+as, z6eb qs.ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.068pv b (hq uui/lfbyc8x3 o/2t kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bq77d5ovw+q(tkvruws v3 + r m2ath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hea1a7 )ja o5kr4xr r7qa6/)g 4ponaca7fbwn(cg t is added to the gear if the temper 5714gkqfnrn aa7a6ao j)/ rr)ac(wopcg4bx 7ature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h9wrs 5a(oc(clj7c5c deated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, iz);g 5 sjuxy 9yi2ft8aaxa/s .nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at m has8,oq u:6w$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects mw ha4 1ts cup d+siu3-vjh89p5ake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object9su iup8c3 -p+h hst5a14wj dv has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exhhw8twt*) yeqksz lf*) 8sue5 +c5to 3plore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of teyset8fqz wu583t 5e)hk wco* l+)h*t smperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance-ex2jj. da(qc uh36ih of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the w3eihdaxq.c u-jhj 2(6 ater rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW1si cj(3aqh x1. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fro(11 jqic h3xsam $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Hooklsg6ijt5k .xff 766w long will it take to heat 20 kg of watkg.fof6i 667 xkj slt5er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 i-plymcgj;5 t6yndy 4/h4zc6i 94f pfg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blader 4ijf*/nvzg fs)tgzrs0 sas9 -t9j9. (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change np5/ h ,hpgwx2it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/o;a ;1;a;-j ojs qvbhz. takcbf/m6 .dkg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icjs1 fa;bbc.;q6a azo/;h;t . kvjd-moe?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg x-32i bxj.:5+bdt z6asmde ajof ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of e( 5 ke;f,f,yqwj e;ry$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice a:rxvplc9 y6.b +/ttd yx +79swwa4ztmt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially kx+a omjv7y c b*hf-3sq v+.l8at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ak-i edc03/) ,5lww o ebbjki6nt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neededo3up nci6v* 4e5m;79uba dd oe to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of2wvnt-kvdu 64gngpv.h)v a5 3g6rn i4 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is reqnc 1i9vv: g4q;ho;rp iuired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, iniuy;jm(i*)vnbfblb7-;mql3h tially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead i l:e) f23asr:iwp q7vrs 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting:f 3pi7la :rw s2)qvre point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of co8x0;l;hm ugvwy8h,p h)fj ts; ncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum0ip2chkj +vz8 is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass r82ic+pzv 0kjh od is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 o /-o 6xjw 88pzrvvpp;/cu4m6gr:s da m. If the outside temperatu/ owso;g p:-xc4 p6rup zm68dar/ v8jvre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick haski3g a0x/ vuq jewl311 dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturexw 3 kglu1jaev1iq/30 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete u+(hbbc vl6bmx ;c1o((ol(v;+bcmxb1b6(u hc$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through -;gc.bswp;k(( t ewi uethfm *ebj4(8a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatb qtsyt ;/:*seure if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature iypq*e82w, nz b:*miv+ fbf-kvs monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of b+:vn,vb-fmq82*k *zyi fwpe area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radib+x* tno/am9 eating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection- 4/ u +mqxyu.cusznn;)d jmq) area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.