Which of the following is the smallest unit o 7xg-z g*/ez+ v*mqgfpf heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thxm3t(q:pz, 99psqu(t )werai e temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred)8x zr0t qsa:u-b uq,:x5qc ud to azx8ub:: au dq q-q x0cu5trs),s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool dmu1*u2gkky,y jt :znge8;d-bnq 8*e of water. Compare the temperature T and tu:m2zd;k 8kg1*ee ,n-qgjuy d n 8bt*yhe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depeqjt(w* j 5r.am(caog;1zz/ om nds on

  An ideal gas at STP is firstwlm5aav:+p0n c j: *0oqa(g ke compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the a:a:k+v5o0a(gncp* mw jeq0 linitial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy mp9)xw 3juqeiioy)nl)* q:a- U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastk pck1 j2y,t 4b(2lgip4rop)yically is that

  It is a well-known fact thsht :-/ :nvwkpat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masse-ns: k:wp /hvts of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up u9 v1lx lif735vdf /plv0m )gaof a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. Tvui9 pdx)mfv a17 gvf5l/0ll3he specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state iw1yg fn:(dmw1 s referrn:1w (gfdmy1wed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the *mg6piuk/ x* z,vnut6 vapor state is referred to as /*um xz6gv u6n,tp*ki the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rath9 ; +nzozpcbg*l6xe6-pu rk) e,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes dddb kebb93+2/fy4 pn

  When a liquid evaporates xu*0r;yk m nycf8 xfh35fyfnwez/ 9*9

  When a vapor condenses5du df3ukt;a*bpiu 99

  In a cloud formationdt 2 6y.(gif8s iz;wgvrq-b2d , water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This wz-fw. ;6yd8 r2tvig(dbqs i2g ill cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flamee)o8zy v*pf-e:lie qsf, 31mnk0q1qpx. - iir under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at ,lu(hiw yo4x( $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by xg(7 +m*.,gr1kem/dfigdzurmeans of molecular collisions is referred to a/dum gf17ixg ( ke+.zd,m* rgrs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one ena2dz)g :axo5z x;cz x0d of an iron bar become hot wh gxz d:czx2aa)o50zx;en the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tonsg)3 .aj fe0 p9g8fojuch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propja8j 3f 9gs.ogfn e0)perty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rat8 h0v8; g*2rrdbsflgh e of heat loss for ;v gfh0d r*s88g2bhl ra given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal condb9mrb j2x2cnz,. 1 i,dzd c;sbuctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickne mz9b rjnc zd,2cs;,dx1bb.i2ss. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molekb *vq7:f:d uv;: zerecules from one place to another is referred tov:u *ke;e7b fd zqr:v: as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated oni; e nt/7bn5 ammyq/8v a stove?

  Convection can occurlaea 0sth 6;x0

  Which of the following best explains whhc 8yk;yuf/-a,ug:vay sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tea;ucyvg-: k8u y/a h,fmperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gr tdk3q5,m;-vy kepp4 c .pq-1 xvi(xwgavity is essentially zero. As the, epctv;5kv qdixg mw41k(-qy-. pp3x air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborhfkgjrk6l -ln1; ,/lming rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the largj -lmllk;f /rg1n6k,her house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does ther evy,u/flh74 b(z.f z radiating power f y fzz74,hre./(uvlb change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediu4(sd j t;c/cwcm is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun srbx8 l6l 5c7fwarm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much h: l4t(e j4bn*xcd s;iyeat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalenton3+rj9 :)to9te poss to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempef0 kv 8z;s)yoirature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperazatb9o5m z -/yture cha9 t ay5oz-m/bznge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ork2t5 t(y4r dwfiginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material n z qn1)gex/.b .yd;ioby $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath i7a+zv4au-k3s 4 zqz ywater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. /sx 7aincb, -xHow much heat is added to the gear if the temperature ns 7b-,/xcaixincreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatv3 s0o s;ks.xced to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially k-92dadug0synauu)6 eo x 6 r);myit2at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material bm8 uplnt gnu n/o0u(3ek);4 oat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isoly: 5uvqdcsm ng 4kv:svh*e a9p-n252k ated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature ohk:g 4v2 kss-q :5 mpyc2n9 *v5endavuf $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the .x)suza7 ej j5l9,7psge i+icrelationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down.si+leu ,9 ic)gz jaxps577e j a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls .jsox0+prkgu0b yv8e4 58vepy;b ad ( drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wa xo8v5bdpe4+.sr apb0ue; 8(yyj0v kgter rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. oajit /w0lpr s6fcf 1.v:.3 us Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tan0fjfl 1o.tr p s6/3a.ivscu:wk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How longx)fart 4t5w 4ded. b v.p8cd1g will it take to heat 20 kg of water from t cdwea.b 4p.1v54d8gfdrt )x$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mt i6*w2 hpvtg9ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blad ygp;tce -uf 2wz;4u./(8grqldu;v)gvr *zsse (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam v-:ayta)wz): 3ez pv oto change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusiag0.hm5dgy z) on of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ic5mgy z0.a h)dge?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of i ofv4/gxn*cafc 1xxn .k:/5yece at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removez 1mbez+)/) ra.0z jg /qurlbjd from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g ofv s icl.0*k8) (ye2c;pjqxdsz ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water yx 5itey58em,o,h/vzinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at w cky y)jnm 5e4l n9li t4anqe5/o1zc,2; en0d$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to aph.uq0wek.6 change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cha rlb37z g,:v. gmvkem-dic2 (8/vlhjoax/w ,k nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha qny87kb8:7mdbfl -tv nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of 2fc5 u:7-*culwtl t,qr mhkq7 hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapozz::mzg fln1x a 3cz i(8ck)r3rization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melt3x8 (agzl 3 iczz:fnrkc):1mzing point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivicv , v71f sz m8tzip7vmwi-7y,ty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Twoow i9zk sa75sh6;)r wnk8er .f rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellenkf )kohr;r5is.a9z 7e s6w8n wt thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.wm;sax.w:/a )f3al zy5 m. If the outside temperature i fwaxlw/):.yasz 3;m as $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.q j;t.e ou;;jk0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature iuo ;q;;ekjj .ts $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of col aio)m*g sj97ncrete (a7*ol9gi) sjm $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of ;z;v9gt ))opzm5rbkubo 3z8d.irt )*dg j/ bhheat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost the6y2+5g 4yslo+*h 4ps xwpi urrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for ref+klzrs9 p) wm,ining steel, the temperature is monitored by measurin ml) ,pkrws9z+g the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bojt,y6rf 73dg wsgg1 -kdy radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collectou fsf wm,17oq :j)f5lur (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.