Which of the following is the smallest go8 zxzb -6tl+unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessaicf,dkrw97 kp sy-. j aui0;3ery to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy ezo81h9qwvn klbm/ q7zv; 40rof individual molecules is referred to az4e/ q zw;9lm nb k7orh81q0vvs

  A cup of water is scooped up fro/kc8vwfheuvv (,wl5 2mf )c8 x3 m.ebim a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the v ),b8fem5vlkiu32w xw(/fc vcemh 8 .swimming pool.

  The internal energy of kindf0: a4ck6t ielcv 36u 5)fy p0b.can ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the in otr nx 6ln0evq2xq/d 9g4n(*iitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the ga n 9li 4q02tx/qgdvn6 (xn*roes is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a why5twtz(: /rt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticalll5cm,in) 8zbp9 e:oq 0xdl:vg) fhf8 ty is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific h;dw8be0fulv l69 ak ux gj4t-g 29p(pweat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal4-9gbegkfdupl89 lp w(;6 2aj tuxw0v masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold z qn au 07qxw2xv4y/x(piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater mag7u4 q xvz0y xn2q/a(xwnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to tv6 h, poj;hit;he liquid state is referred to ai h,v th;po6j;s the

  The heat required to change a subst4 elj agcu +n1vsd;v6(ance from the liquid to the vapor state is ref( e sag 1;dvvcl4n+ju6erred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure s9-c206cummrwe y mu +qu+bky z)gno x f8n,l6-ubstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezep gz-,epk+obm j4pr;2s

  When a liquid evaporatl-*px9g 1;iuzul n2j rrs)bfao :;v4jes

  When a vapor condensek5id4bgg z,j+ s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets ww,j5iaftx v917-u z iihich get bigger and bigger until it rivawu 57xt-z j1i if9,ains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame unds0niiz6 *sdu. .vkw tms(k,z ,er a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water axhcuv10( rhnk. ek(iqk(8e2it $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred7w5 3wre a32o3keugqq to a eo2ew73 3wk3u5ragqqs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of anu 6e;3wvw8,wkjhl x+j iron bar become hot when the othkwwwh3,j j;eu8vlx 6+er end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder t03j 7 dph,w h;8dmdt,w.3v loa qgowf,o the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followinjf7 3omp8wq h0w.,l 3dah;dtvw,ogd ,g physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the r9sj5/fi*jbo/sqrra j3g;q 3 qate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thi3rq 9agsbj;jj/*s 5irf3qq/ ockness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is p79 6d ps,dnuk)srhof7laced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity o ok7s)s7fu9h6 nddp,rf the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecufd.g/(8ne k*jd td;mg les from one place to aekg* gnm.ft ( 8;j/dddnother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a ygd*29 su/4mhoumiz 3 pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurqhy(,x ;j9 gis9h:2y(aiqdop tq ,z/u

  Which of the followingbi ,qfbq* t*o3ord3 )k best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperakt)3iob, dfq q3 *or*bture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environ +kpa5ytwwps i -+.xe,ment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heatin k ,tpw5sei++p.x -aywg?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from t75f8 yi*smdnwhe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? 85y n*f sim7dw Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by 7)3ma7tso0y cuz e*chwhat factor does the radiating power chang7yos )ezt7c0hm *ca u3e?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium i .dih 6kd)n4uqty2w, ,dlckdzh1.5 kd s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer me1qbyq(k8/a dlz2+i fx ag0/vlchanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how:x ( eizo42wz.gf(pfci 2lu 4h much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work? m4x.edbdliq;nq* zkzj /+9 :n

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of aj45vyejot. 4 lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what xo+mjy-14ot(v pbz .b8 6-5pinuyin bis the resulting temperature changuxbbi p-tp16j48 n y+-oo5 znyb( .mvie?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is yxb 4j *nlllp )h;fzdwh*+ iax,3q ;7keb4 y+koriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 4l/z8r0)kwi7 zkjnobkg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at a7oms3txb)s 6((es tt b 4ju,p$80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copperm *6yt/jm e)52d 7 vtfok4subm. How much heat is added to the ge2uf5m7t6yt*db)e km/ vmos4 jar if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of met1di i8*-6y ahk,ezhgoo ku,2lal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiall z8b-f-bv5 jjlz*v-,kqvilu, y at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at a zn(.+/c2h+wv rssku $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objectsu smdg 3;fp/zum,)m:q make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. Onup u;3fmmsg:z q)dm/,e object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relat 7 qx-ndv0uv,cionships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen dowdq0 vunc-,v x7n a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming th4wfdg9r *ufj0x latq 81elju 03cxd,5at aldr qg0f j8,x5f9ucax3j1ltl dw*40e ul the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uz7c* )/alqn xgses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tann / 7)*zgclaqxk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long a.vv;t3 p eilo8tpvp - :/r mqb33/xsfi z4wi7will it take to heat 20 kg of waxaplm;pr8pw4t ov 7 . qet :i/vfiisbz3v/3- 3ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masczvy*yg78 pcj h k(drmh:38s8nl0r;vs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hea 6 c,8 cdtij.hjxi9, 0kainvf6t = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from ste+igsayrak3 3di 29ov9am to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required w+pkb bhp796gh4 f:0kts; cuj to melt f;9h j:wc+64k7tpgsbbu k p 0h200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kn-mp1r)ms4 d )jw*ll;cdgd k ge9n-5b g of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of c(s s8)/os h o l pd,0;m4ciwkm20ndtr$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 5m1cwsm9* 07ssmq nc k(0 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water iniytbgyd r,u5 );tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a*tl,c-lcy2; e,zc/7: fsu fjev vf +zvt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of s:skwtytwp)/32o) uh water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to ch ,tmr-sb8ou2kange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requix5w1i4kptq3q9 mg 4hpred to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kgw* r2gr8nv x/a of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is v9 zg8zvop p7-207 kcal/kg, and ito-vp987zv gpzs melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is rve-tpoluni1 8 ncr* ;n0b yt(xd.;u: $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rodsj pi )c,dzk/n4dq. hi-6a5sby (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end o 5 id.hsi-kqyc, a6b/z)dp4n jf the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.uykro: lq89t)o u:9 ea4amq-d If the outside tempeu9ya o:qte9 8-um k:lo)dq4 arrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm bd9c7kfzr) 0(v*f3j8rfqn e d e93utbthick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperzb7909 kbveqfnu8) f(3r d tcrjf ed3*ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2/3h j3q;m a80 a-fixw md-kpaw.0 m section of concrete (3/0-wxahaa; 3dmm8j-q k pwf i$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat th)s ; s+vbti(werough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat iseq 0ei3uq9c1h34ak ir)h ez2l lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used )mr2-4g +mxp7rov:ciu xo.oxfor refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole orx-g c:mp 4oo rx+m2xvuio7). f area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energ/4h +p6+jdwj d- jg:klaeh x9ty when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists ins 2q;u nuqak3d/f )e/znnn+s/gide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.