Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enerbqku7t8 qib 5gn/ t l48li1dy7gy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempera18e cys.bwakw,5/o.acl zmu 7ture of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is re1 : okq a7)x2nz;ywdwm ;y;luxferred to1owwz; y7 :qumaknl2x;;yd x) as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare t0y+ww)zczjf(-y 7; wrfr qr 4bhe temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimy+zbw;-r07 (rywwff)rzj4qc ming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide(b)7f 5kvp ef,vck il:al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until ie ny)4gzn;vc +ts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while +v;4)n c znyegholding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ao9psmp8za 37 xt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempera7 dfrjzkh vk:*fn *7ddop -r9(tures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity epg .;/yu2awn9ak(; b et. ggothan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 cal.2g;9;e aatg.ew bkuyp/n( ogories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systemxookjld/i )w n 29,rm6 is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greatexd,)o2m/j6 wklr 9 inor magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanceoh9g tw4(v md-daz73nc;5 wbh from the solid to the liquid state is referbww(mhg9a ht4-vd3 dn ;7c z5ored to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the v rxc*uyao:+qk.9fa jykku-6 +apor state is refkf k6u:o*yycu.qaxa+ +-k r9jerred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substanc 0r) 4eqewoiaw ,j7/nbe at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze*q1q8vu m 21cyu 8*qyeaxba6y;gph8ts

  When a liquid evaporatt* pgdr1k+xd( es

  When a vapor condensdfydtl/5 x- 1des

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get b3:r i76gffat y:zw-s5 mq9d ypigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature op:d: y-q3zf9g mr5t6yfiasw7f the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan ofldqe(g/dvt:w;m 7 8wy boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water8*n- c2jk rfsh at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows qaaq,) 7ewa-g by means of molecular collisions is referred to a,a7e-)qwga qas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does oni5 t4:. wb)niay r s1xzn cdmh2p4mi*-e end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flsb)d1r-im*wn.m4p c 4 :ytx a2n iz5hiame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to c5:gc kvw2l;1*b+tejl hs (,jezmo-uthe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which c 1cm:+ehl;zjo*gvt(,wju b lks2- e 5one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the r(haw k 1- ik5xy:ngzb7i v,0ayate of heat (ghb-vy:5,ik azykaiw 1 n 70xloss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with td71d mw8 wdx;whermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal cod8wd 7x wwdm;1nductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat (w9 c rj 80ep)xsi+yc hrkeq1+flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is +qpekehc )0sr91i w+cx( ryj8referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a po*kes-s7*a ke2vg2 gett of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurfw n,0y,e*,v ksj acu4

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important tohxrp )5 2lnl,m humans in maintainl lpxrnm h2,)5ing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the ld,+zgq* swg, acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currel, s+gwqdg z,*nts caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built fromiaj1zcqlc 2 5* the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would a q*cjlc1iz25 need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature obiziu4j 5 bkt;;3h)o 3pbsg7mf a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power c;j)4 3 5skgbb;3ip bztohm7iuhange?

  The process whereby heat flows in t5th5 hl1z7bwjnay / p-o76 +nkk wo*qjhe absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer,, 4igaxt(t7p n0a:or.l.d4wr n elt x mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva8,ya5+p) xr8j4 gedx,nf k/uif4 jhpk lent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muchp) nxpcfsh(u4fd77v6ei-mt : work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100gn 740pc6o i0 ;iagkjk g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to ( sp8zp+mr9wh2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change+zm sp rw8ph(9?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is bk(7yxuz r1 7 kb9.vf6s6hboqoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the t ov+ekiw:*ceqj b -lu8w3iirc18 2a2m emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.1awz:y,vy3 d hdn,4 n1mee8 gb0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 xpoex dny+v*),- nm,gkg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by ,ony*)e +vn-x g x,pdm$35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metw;bbj0pw ag h r 8tbp0roh6*rba(.1z7al is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppervxl;r: oj :c*rtsh8r 5, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a0lbpdvz1 +:n72v3tlqj/xjp pdk *j:bt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system tha. fp)zj9 ;qbbp2707tylbounal 6z cl 1t is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object ha ;97zly.uq jt1p )bbb 6alclopz n7f20s an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted45jjvv . s6onfub5 7cn to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on 6o ucbn7.j 5nv5fv4 sjMount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assukh*-bvi8mj 9n: uv7dgming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wvbmk9 ngh7j 8di:v u-*ater rise?

  A 200-L electric wate pskog,/(52 gk;z jok-r pyf6er heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fro-gpkkfjso;(er2k z6, o y /p5gm $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 2gr+ev 1,jiwq m2 87l.:llozhd *2tesl0 kg of water frle:*e 2gr,lodm1l ihzq8w7ls 2j. v+ tom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10ok5nc t;x*i13 cvdb, u00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (syc urq- rb75pv)be a0,pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to h2po 4yp+p6sxei (z zbo,-w*s change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat io.t8ge.pse ;su) q/gz: 8sje v)cc*sf s required to melt 200 g occ)qpe gvz/ ;t .s.gose*8esf u):j8s f ice?

  How much heat energy is nkq8 h0 atbko-2eeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g 66.rkiy c ez+lof $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 8 7 )repo87avy rq(paa guy9a:50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at9gjc n3xv-4 q ;.nj4jvbjri6u $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water athcc0q6xz: d1 s gm3qi6 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed 7xt58dfjbn-zt4e ru9h, l/ftto change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of-o be+rjt3s (f bm *tino*jqbmo(,-h+ $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiw h/x:lj3n+5vl b( socred to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by aehm*0r8bj ivo, 3kro 3nc+ l;zdding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and .,aks-b 9onm i.:xfy m yi:e:mthe heat of vaporization is 207 kcal9b xik:.,:i:mo .- efy mamyns/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concret-owm95av ,*jt i5bkm .x.oigze is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conducti ;m)yb, ;kpqbsvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free enps kbm;,q; yb)d of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has hi9g* ,us l:lrdimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperati gul:h s9,*rlure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensi5+dyt oq,)ye:3rr kv j asta1+ons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturvaydar,s)3 +ykrt j +: 1eoq5te is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2n,5a,2eminpjv2m) bc +ao4 9v+ r hzbp.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (z)h,bp5va ebm4r+vmp2 i o,nj +a n9c2$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat etdreczfq3:s18d ;( 4;wsue lthrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400033)4: - xtbcl)m s j,*tlm 2zblrwbhwi kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining st:dftbdxjc uy(;v2 8c e;2swx3eel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole ofc3ws:ujycvx2(8;fet d db; 2 x area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy w376vf 93e mtdezp wmr5hen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a so(:2fg0rrr1szi t ri -clar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.