Which of the following is 0mzxd yxhgtu1.- x8 )ki;ijf/the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of w7v xlj.o 6;*rdn lu/kmater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is r0hca94ps3.tumjqx,l l jo ; r1nb w1 q,nwm(c0eferred to axnamb o4;cm0tlu swq1,,wlq1 jj0pr nc h.9(3s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Ch:fs/m e7qgq6*wq8n vompare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swim* q6n: /78gvswmhf eqqming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dv*ej ;t1fb8 ow 5fgzyc1nal+3 epends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until it(ro0s3s6l*f 8p nvnogc 0h/hi s volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal e o/s ph(si 0 0n8gr6n*l3chfvonergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal e25c: u 5r pjuhvec9l3bnergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do unzry0.7/ t-+mijpqxbqf e1nu- c4 g4not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact .5 g,sf*snt4sq)wsku that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are inuqsw*s fk.g5t4 ,ss )nitially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a colde9v6rzuj.(m -p laaa+ piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which oba.amp (9 6a uz+rvj-leject experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liyk qdrsb; +anfp w2x(2,0ncor :pp z2(quid state is re;wr 2byap2sn oqnpf0xc(zp(:, 2 rkd+ferred to as the

  The heat required to changgml( ,a 27+-txwe cxeqe a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is ref eqx-xgltw+7ace ,2m (erred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ratb0b8lnc ,ua g)e,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze+x qo a*3r0laas

  When a liquid evaporatee;b4xd1 mtrc+ s

  When a vapor condensj m eea7of463mlki+w -f( d0apes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which geca *qe,sldl*2t bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause th lal2cdse* *q,e temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilid m vu6+0gy:xi: lug8mng water causes

  Equal masses of water q)-is kj tof3*rjmjbx6hj.kj4bl)91 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular cokd vg:)e xab5+xwrbcb4wv4 6+llisions is referred to as4wb)e vv x +kx4dabr5 wg6c:b+

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot ckkd(7o29(u uncjxlal( ,k(o when the other end is placed in a( k(2(d9c,xcu la(o jln7o kuk flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to t-/qx9ri)fs )dt7xy a elwe+(mhe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differenc)redl+9 as-y(m f xw7qex)ti/ e in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknes u*inrh-(y xhxxu9ogmjja6,-u f 2,r3 s of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperarg xfxy6rnj2ouj * h xmh(,3-uia-9u,ture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thooa+;ols 7oe5 mp-e+ q 37zznwermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The 5o+m3n+ eoeo slqzzow;7 7 p-alayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the masr fiv9 qz y a9koka-0;5pxc.b9s movement of molecules from one place to anoo9ir;pfyqc. v-ak9x 5zka0b9ther is referred to as

  By what primary heat tranp h9n/lmwjm)d), 0g wqsfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur xano5v-b5 6 y fj3x ,nkhcq(-j;l,tee

  Which of the following best explains w.:d6noet g pm7uixk x;7s*vj(hy sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperature?g.(tu 6s o ;*ie pkmvdj:7xx7n

  A spaceship is drifting in an p:mk -df*dbh7environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true abou7k*m- d :dphbft the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from thy;ie4vgg *f /fe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would ng ei;fg /f4v*yeed heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperaho .3pvf 4uzgwdn+(y3t6g 4h8t9afkdture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating p 3u 6 agpg o9dkdtn34y8w (zvfth+h4f.ower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refe ai we-x(b,:8-/h;xwjgun q d5*quvkkrred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Su5b+mlc+ fnyg. n warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to ho ux1fqye4 i:lm : xlhx 9d,juh)7as4h.w much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much worz76 ssf3.2* gobtd oezk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temper n)s6ox;b km-pature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what3 gjouuk1p1je , 1ncr: is the resulting temperature chanc1 nopje,jk:gu 11 3urge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallxt1dl),j;rtj. zb/ otot//-. lm iuzsy at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the te c3q.jt4; er1gxsohwsl8 39rd60qrc cmperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up he xxk6gglj3v-cq 1 fyz9wbp u*1wp93 5fr bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat v3k;;m xp l)y*p4ldnv s9bkw 8is added to the gear if they 9l8;;pvn vks 4m3*l)pkwbxd temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatea 73mb p 8ow.aa.6sszad to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at r sp g- :,x.,rzuhyvlva dp rf 8/6pcyl45jm98$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at dl 8np7lwcq5 ru4 8m8o$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is therm5k1,tg s rv cne+u20lh;2oanunh fk2; ally isolated from its surroundings. One object has;h1fkhg2n 5n uo+krn, l;2ec2 tuav0s an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemfyfg cb465nqv 6vr5-upted to explore the relationships between various forms of ene6 ffc5 vbvr-yu4 gn65qrgy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dro o2hgbzudk 0;.ps a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tdko.z0h ub g;2emperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how q.lj tm: 9pka75csd,*ah6r enlong would it take to heat water in this tank fromm6k.pq:57e*rst,a jnc9 lh da $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heatp +rk x4 snk0mq* spgwk,nh6dcs+9)-c water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fc9 c nkk,q*w4smp k) +0r pssgn+6xhd-rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1 y8 v ze-+ao3qf2uq)bf000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specebba6;60s0m93tl lj ufmw/b sific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid:pg8pkwcs8zx1dcbef+y +l4 * ?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. c9spcyk * vs8qim-c+x )4k*1ye)chk c How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofcy mh9sc1vpce)8-)4 *xksck kc *iy+q ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg osb4*q7 cm3vm h k7+dqzf ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g o zkfz874zc9s)ad v+q of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcaj zz)u2rxs6*y l/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a v+hcg.q ts).tt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ft 4l 2pn0orv8$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed 1 ywvffwq e 4c-i4,). pp6iyzlto change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gro6 .a ..ly vloxvinht8m16w-pam of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requir7(7g-eojyzhh6 oi t 6led to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg ofy. lgrt5 3geu:hkpb2y;+m8 ia s4b*od hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the hhlyry rx)d 6b6nx,t:k0xe7i3 /cgv c2eat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point isni :yv xxhktc6d)2 y6x cl3/r,r0g 7be $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of ccmm+l c:ktofcr/sc56t7pf)7 **y )9 yfcnjzxoncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brm rn:2v 2yp:9fsk8hplass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The fr:yksphv 92:n lf8pr2 mee end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m.c/jvj;ts;g lfzwklqns*k4*:v6 - ud ; If the outside temperature ic;v6ukq s ;;-gjj/ t s*wz:4v nklldf*s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. nr v +ccw.c6mvc:2h99gz bu 8kIf the outside temperature i+bvcc9zg m r u28wc:96nckhv.s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.a9t r7,oezwoaht+q7hx9g z;u)t:3zo 0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ar9 t+ae,hott xwh:zzg ) o7; 7z9ouq3($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a nx/m2o)gb vtio2rf9* $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 40006 a+54qr, llnau7;s ; byiwdmx kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for zt-+jps4alzh bghua17f yn 1, 4bb;c9refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small74+9,zabas; luhcbyz- h1tbg 1n 4jfp hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy5up/crmjhq cgx *5*a+v*oa x- when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sokvr cr;)w9:ko lar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.