Which of the following is the smak(m2tm 7 gf5s:dsx ij6llest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat ne 4h) 8g:ppdhndcessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is re i,r yd3je0jlg ;rxqc968hdn; ferred to asgrd; 83jiy60h r c ;x,9lejnqd

  A cup of water is scooped up from amge p:;vvg3 (t swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T a3; :p(gve mtgvnd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id;xyb kj26ne22l1g qsp,/ s rnjeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the imew z wpuwf0x.8-lg2kh2j0 3cnitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal enerw02w0ucxmzp3.-h8klg 2 je fw gy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inteqm.g+6zjmhipb+ jg p;4rp1)mrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do ngjn1bha (9ze ;ot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat cag 8sw3dm6aw(e n 4wgs-pacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of g(g s6wa3md4e8 wn-sw water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece o+y bj :b i71mord3xjt)f aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermatrmxjd)j1:7b3+ oby il contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid o d dy96y+odv5to the liquid state is referred to yvdo6+ dyd o95as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid t; m/.j) *d2 xkojn0ep1bzjxm69 .2caz xqv vemo the vapor state is referred to as theq)*adecvx b9m.22vx0;k/pemoz.zx 6j njm j1

  If heat is added to a pure substance at uzjh; f4/lkr9l, iu/ ea steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes k2o2da/ 7 r;li8ms:(adtrg ,wipvk0p

  When a liquid evaporatr.;1e6hm *j-t qn ixmjc;ei;dj:7abr es

  When a vapor condenses9p ;w m-jsuz cq-ja.3n0wd 2gs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bvgwg5bu8 xnk1 5-n tw;igger and bigger until it rains. Thi5 kwv;nx1gn tu-b 5gw8s will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water caus(zkp 0 jywniuf:h;d1 .es

  Equal masses of watefkbblah+ v2.ya .-rz5j4um3h r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moleccd,ks.9-ahsz7jcw + zular collisions is referred to ah. kswaz,9d+j7 zsc-c s

  By what primary heat trx,ny:ffcq8 xai/ ra- -ansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the ot, axnc- r8/-i xq:fyafher end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece o)5ujnb jbg7l+23nb y6u(b9hy:dt khgf wood. Thi(tl2jb7d6u bkhj9 +b)5gy3 ygn hu:nbs is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rapyxni , t*niq2o f63;ete of heat loss for a given temperature differencepf 2i3o6 iqx,tn* ;ney across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivi)1rg 03 xxzqbmty K is placed on a layer of another material of txm0xbq r)3 1gzhermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecf.k6tdizx9 1r ules from one place to another is referred r9i1 6kt.xfzdto as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on achjrr6q +:-,wqjfb ozpg1l+ ,wtf5e4 stove?

  Convection can occurhctof6+c g f(7xeu7l7

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is imptkrwv8*u4 xlqp7nq (-ortant to humans in maintaininw8t*r(qu-pl47n k qx vg suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accel mjk:z h0wsjr,u8xfcf 3l2 )i-eration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by thiz,jwk:2u lf 8sxf0-ci3 jrhm) s heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular housesw k*4yujd f- /tlr434vysu9su built from the same materials. One of the hyr4l49 s- u4*ufk ud3v/wsyj touses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does thp cux. kp51bom +9tsqs 2*b)mie radiatpui 9 c1px2 .5mq+*bmoskb)t sing power change?

  The process whereby heat r z.a.m8amehv x 1m/v.:zk-tr flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thz9k8l.6 aj h4ppfqcf 8e Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mue surur+46n;ech heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to t6 o3uk1r:q:edfm:-uxw 7gqa how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed t:+glq x3mq94od -xdb po raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of o no71a xkhlmgnf 8:;0water, what is the resulting temperature c0o;17gfl nn8 okamh:xhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origielz8)a4a x4 dtnally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of mat::, 1qqqb0gl w ex:j xzmw5wj7erial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by ad lujsbk: n,*w1ding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg )oc6u t-gim3)t q -fmnof iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature iqi )n6 uo tgm-m3t)-fcncreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of m dpi0m bpus;2xcmily, t 270:fetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at by2f+dop -7 pa ahz1g;/+kaxt $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material apatd06tbv i:wpwxqz0h* ; w*1 t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally i:4 z1 exfu1o wo:ncyp:solated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tem: u ypex:w1ofn1:z4 ocperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jojm) rvrjh t(n5z2t)6p ule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fnpj6)r tv ()thjm5rz2 allen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fak i(7e4gq c,jaw .ly7ylls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is co,y 4i7ycke.(7w jq galnverted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, hedu)t 6-hk)x+oqbml4 h t cg273 saye/,x0 hicow long would it take to heat water in this t6h7sg,)m-t3+ q uxo0e x4a ehd2lt bkc/cy)hiank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat 5 :7fivyl9 oul 6-mhwrwater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watermhi 76wv5y l-o:rf 9lu from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (p5* c c npbm)dqfou0/;mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel tq 2lunu e8*e3knife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be reuqhd)((v wza3moved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat7* ww m:gx z6ljx duyp(fz:l,i6d fu)2 is required to melt 20dyi: 6ul)x( w,j wx plfg67:dfzum 2*z0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is ne/cyt mjk9k/vndm3q- dxm ; )0veded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to +csz5;cubja 59 a4aof2jdj v yoe6y21be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g off:j d.m) uty*g ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially*t dobx0 ;upi8 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at mlrrcei8mv5 m0 +;im7$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of w+ag7n1za i7 sqater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredhsf3hw9q -; r3guh)k u to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is reqehvzdq51 tlmhs 1h7x- lld1)9uired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ic z.-zbo7unyw5+i c x9c3mt*sre to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat x zru:3rre .g4of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poi.3er z: gurr4xnt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concr2yb7bqj1uijl. d4tq41yx9 zrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicaay -dz2e:yz qz*+,4ow0 xkf*xcv wpp86m f5he that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contac w, zp6dm**zywav f 4z:ko 0ehx pcxqfy5a-82+t. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 :0 +usmz3hkk x4og/zem. If the outside tempshkkum40gezo 3/ x +z:erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. I)hjcxd-w+u)y le vy42n 1j z;cf the outside tzx4;)wn c1j lu- c2dh )j+eyvyemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.i0luvg +t,bkd7d,hk5,pg j5a0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete vl0 +idd 5,7htjgap b5,,gukk($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal q 3u8jw fw+w7gbfw 9y:xl;c6) kn+zc yof heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through3)ewu3- xc ema :dn)mt y9ud2fd(huo( a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel1.vbjy a wrq40, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole 1 . yj0bvwq4raof area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hk*d;bcx rz1x 5uman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective coll5yzute4 6mkt /ection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.