Which of the following is the smallest :ooktm, tmzet ;+ ;ad:unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to r8) avygw:pvza+6b )w vaise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic eneoez8 9;vwhn* lrgy of individual molecules is referred to asho e n;w9z8lv*

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Comdl7k-pid:de 52/ o seppare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in7/-oe ddielkpsp5 :d 2 both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depeb2tgm6l6 f- dknds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume i.7((bouwuy 92p 0fag a dzre)as half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is haegaa2b)w0uu7(po fyd. (ar9 zlf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal end-g6en9;y z xkergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do , e .;ms(dy)ujizdnv8not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higherq, o f(:vapa1f specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to fvf1,(qo: aap each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made )o e(uddd13jh *uyxi) 1ptum -2 *jovyup of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach2d)o jyeuj dvy( mu-ox 11u*3hpd)*it thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fromrtu 5goswkfk+dc4l1-23r 2 dr) c/ngh the solid to the liquid state is referred to as d)wrntf/kg2 c cku4s hdgo3 1 lr+r52-the

  The heat required to chth r7pp+ 0n*rlange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as tn+lrt7r*p ph0he

  If heat is added to a pure substancoif/*c- iu7ia e at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezei0hjje mv,:c *bvqt9, s

  When a liquid evaporat8*vx:*n ami ytw/gk/;s (bhx q4 dlx1nes

  When a vapor condensef4. tjvku,g hq67rt jvy g/-l5s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water5 e:7 p(hhad9 xa9.uv4vafco q droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will ca u7 ca vve9ho9fq5d a.a(xh4p:use the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wated;hrdk;06+s wakv1 qyr causes

  Equal masses of water afc9 dls2du jqw2z 4j48t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meawx2,-uc. 9 d0asarh t2z7auqqns of molecular collisions is referred to asd arqascxw2ut92q a.u, h0-7 z

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become p)j 9smkw2tk5 hot when the other end is placed in a flame?k 5mpstw 92)kj

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tox(qx5z tvbs/6 sndhy l.-l)9cuch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differenc-b xz5q(vt/n sx9.d l6ch)lsye in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a walob,9 fi1*, bwtcewqluxyc4 y+90o9k zl built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a gio,c bq+e bx 9f4i1w*9ykou0wly,ct9z ven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K uylrbz :n(m;1-c am bc,w9xo0 is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What ir(y 0xo b m:clnuz9w;-a,1mcb s the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows bo5kb1n)s i8v *hr-asmy the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rss5i8v 1*h orb )a-nkmeferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a po3lm ebp l /ypp1ebqey7z-r8e6h*: p+rt of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurnp5x+ccfb md ::cvcr)gp)s-9

  Which of the following best explains why swe-f9+rs:ick m dating is important to humans in maintaining suitd-i9f:ks + rmcable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravitycx:p xy.0 nv(u is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about thyxcpu: nv0x .(e convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materialscz9u6w1/6armw11qwy(7j bt cn ibw r9. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heairan(w c 9bq16 um6c/wwbwy1z 9r71jtt would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doublen8(zuavgggf p j1g3a5k a8*eyt *c17 zd, by what factor does the radiating power chanu*a7zjeav1tza8cg3g( 8 5*yk g1gp fnge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of an kxm 1zpe+. -m8yp04s nuugpm2y medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transizhw10k,- jtu etl:d/fer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenp 9c .uf.zb *swnt z5m(x2h5jct to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivy4o r .d)dryj5:9m4s+x k1fdmovksh *alent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the lbtgl2 4tcp4 jwt 6g(d0,km7 xtemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg6m5x+w, laiuricw;0z of water, what is the resulting temperaturax;zm6w0 5+luii , rcwe change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origina6)t2a s/9lipy 6 4gsfpm+djq illy at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raixlfj -q87ug:x ses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of zy*lf)n s;n 5kx5ft 9dwater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists o( vzbq5(dv*poc nv * a8y5lqb8f 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increasev55zbldcq* qoy8pvb( 8*( anvs by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal z )r k9,ba6ab,vh *bn mdi:2ccis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at tevsco+d626 y v*j*zo $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ath1/e vs* ye2bcoh)n m- $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system kbuu8yi:6,hal7;d u a*,r5nw ggon v- that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature iho ugn,:a d ,ua*;u5bvr6nk8 l7y- wgof $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationw3xt5vfzn7f r:0gug7ships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen dg w0gn 3f7rx:57uft zvown a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops *-vg *1toaxahuk ,l )wpl 3m*pa distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does thhu g1,llm)*p3a*t*xpa wo- kv e water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. yf:4;sl o (loiq1vi -oAssuming no heat loss, how long would it yfs1 li oo;q-li4: ov(take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to hn/iq4,nh tw42j +o xlfeat 20 kg of wa +ifwn44/x q,ol2tnhjter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass tj 1gfy -aw21l1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade :vktvajg qrt5z ym2m+/ h4s;9(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it t6x8f8bqe( zl xo liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of3pf+ p dg)v( rcywr,e; 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g o 3yp;+ fer)(,dgr cwvpf ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chan++ctme l,f:qdwj w(rwv-36 bmge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 106bo 7;fm/8giqme:,m cqz r9y y0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whacr/a i** qr.uen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallyyti)7ef :bs +n at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at os0.t,i7hx g u-g 37vkn7j2hmhvhj5 a$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neededqi5/tx75ndb l1sbih1 to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required ,kh55xwlui-o;qea,1cxkr)6md/ b wk to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to conbx-(k .p + gioopzeic+ 8d;;hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addin.7ld 9y 9b7- szvyoxwzhrwxkka 01 /m(g ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lea;4 t owr ; c-c-ephhy9cvrjq+2d is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kc cw4hhv-q ryor2;c; -pjt9c +eal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity oxc8 ;wn t)7irsf concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (:iv09bsuynat hc 9+k 6one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to endh+ 9nauv 9t06ki: ybcs in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. ft(5 bp 5uo(jiv2e+fjIf the outside temperatureou+ij(5 25 vtebpfj(f is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has di b1/yl s2.1-nr0kohkmut 9ofhmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper0t.k-fsm/hl1r9 hyu bn12kooature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of con bmw:-.qagxv/crete :qx-/bv .wmg a($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througvj +3vl,p2vrk ,,obql h a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost th2d qi /wr.x3itrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the71j -yh8mq:zf ob-p mb temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of a jyz7:fb--8m pbmo1 qhrea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energydz5:simnz, z4 when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists incy c/f)t.i, lrside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.