Which of the following is the smallest unit o 8t lqw52sgrqpnm5i67 f heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water a 6w1,bb f q-nbgw:o6qnmdi-5by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy ofr ku w2k9 ozf16;r-plh individual molecules is referred tofw -r ou62kl1rp hk;9z as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool o f j8ekc(ans8 fu.)0zhf water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the kcfejuhzn8 )as. f80(water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends onrk vaz+e.2h pd9rq7:drr gg4zl)m) ;m

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the w5 o0 kdln5x4qinitial voluxkdo50l54n q wme, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enea u-. 3x 3lsjayg2p1unrgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is th*f1yf kr:+ /jn5h rzeyat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha83 z,bes t /a,lfle(qgdp,e1vn iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in 1e, g f/dl3qve8 ,zelst( pba,thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and o , e8eor/sw,va cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminumoe,s rvoe8/w, is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solic1 ohmb p0)po hsbi:bnc 5h)57o4wit+d to the liquid state is referred to asb :7p h5wm)ti+ 1)sobpb 54ih0nhoocc the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state igp*8w5w2le tfiu6 l,u* l6cpus referpe p 6f8ugul,wl6tliwu** 5c2red to as the

  If heat is added to a dpc.h) +7vzn4 ww* hllpure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesgbnby qqr,(g3 *luz+4

  When a liquid evaporatc08z+ifr6tqrk p5c0a es

  When a vapor condenses-sr8q1n w6z.t+tm gh h

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses ia,3a*w:f:6thuv dwnmqu7(lp nto water droplets which get bigger and bigger unt a ,wa:wftpm6 ldh*3 u:(uq7nvil it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watezkf k)o1 b*v.nr causes

  Equal masses of water r9/iltjvf9el1 4 /qfoo2;xiow-)d pb8 rclt/ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refer p:zohjt,* xlp-jzw;aw1/n1 ured to aujpl ;hwwn- x z*1ojt/,:zp1as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an i:x 5jiy0*cch aron bar become hot whc 5cj0*ihyx:aen the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal f ts; rkqpp5d50eels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due d5ks;rpt0p5q to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ratcvd- gf,ey) 5ye of c5v)-ygefdy, heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is bo,gz2rga yh m9. 31vbrn2y-yplaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal th 9a.zgr 2rmy3 n,2-yogybhvb1 ickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of7gry ,bty3 r lyzzi5g3vln7-6 molecules from one place to a5ytrgvlg 3l r67zz b i3yn,7y-nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mech 5p( hv-lsg ep*5kl80c3vkm xqj0j u9canism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurm*nq+o dkek ,z0 d/p,r

  Which of the following best explains why sr02wuwjh +rgjee: c9h v x716yweating is important to humans in maintaining wv x6cre we h1y0 +:j9rhjug27suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the kabl5 l(sj/1n7 :3mt.m0ubbo suo9aoacceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, wha5ssu:3(bj bl7o1mk.mtla uo nb/9 0oat is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the syeh (i3x:q hz)ame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maint)x hqi(eh:3zyain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperat:x vw.,r dav.ky5s xlif0 v0b8j7fnux)-l e .rure of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radal -0 .j.rb5i vef,rxs). :vyn k0d l7fxvu8xwiating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in tcz:4g zgz l1v4 ln:;dd;w:dvzhe absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thecaph lo/z,m 0wsf76-u. .dnyn Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hedubp f, -+c2dvat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muchfsi8yulxd2 pl j --te;)o.7eo work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100zxy. s34+bz3 htf f:7svup*yz g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the re spmtnthy rs5uks. i0 )1fp(70sulting temperature ct)5(k hst7mrp 1isu.n 0ys0fphange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oj8.*i,f r ttjsriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by wi hhdsa//0q3$400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up t29)xko acb7jy uk;m;her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copp;qto d9 tf7dl8er. How much heat is added to the gear ifd t;879tlo qdf the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal; j ra w43kmlpjq:3viagu ifq:g 0676v is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at 3emtul4xazujp;l:2 5 $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material acu ydva*(c p)61ni6 cht $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up04dq;ps gv2nl:hbbha g:33 gh a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initiahh pgg4 q3 hn;g2:bdvslba03: l temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relatiogr:4yb i)t (ucnships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfalubr(y4 t:i)cg l with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of i,uo)rz/ g/kw50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to th/) ouikwgr,/ zermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hea/zd8gpj7.f d5hhy 0lrh*joj9 ter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fro5 8d*9hj fjl.dhj zoy0p7hrg /m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heatcl m; .fbhlv k/zz4*n/ water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wat/zlz lnm *4c/bfv h;.ker from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masj 9t..v,mcx2 mj;r wles 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kni 5 4 9fqwe x:e5or)**fxgxarrmfe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to cha(y cuxuo:) w .d+yc2dnq*6ust nge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kca*k/lci :jb(k brtk)a9l/kg. How much heat is required to melt )b9k*r /(bjalic:k kt200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at (2-ujiysys/d edlr4qp 7;fs7 $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10rm pw74ril w.6 9pl nsi+twu,+0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcey6quc-d p*v3c bs8e* f6 ddb6al/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in2mwe-vam sqpp7z0s7 2v q 0q7kitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 9igp .d 884j5 uwno )z-bca8y kiba)gt0n jm.b$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water aljv7dex 1r o;7t $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changec 4 wiuypb7ih7xpbur :fufa2.e +16b cv5*us2 one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ofafe76hrft15fa( l :vd $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of y9wsvis(zz ) +/hnw sy/o:b/phot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20cy. u8h*ox4yqwq 2pi:q ;uwa .7 kcal/kg, and its melting point is .qy hwoxu2icuy*; p:a 4qq8 .w$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity 5c11uat jw 95xkbfs qu3a.aqoz5 6bx4of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (u+ld ou ;na.7kzugp -,one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in exceluu; gak7z.+ ldo ,p-unlent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of-7bvcfll41 0 q l98k-f xsrmfl 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i 7 vfl41 xs--b ff98rlqmkl0lcs $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimencl2a:6s eyv:cht21a u nm 13tjsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempej:m t t :2 3ychcnvs1aeua26l1rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow 6m2gr h r*igk7in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete rm * hgi72k6rg($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of h+g p a9lj 15iu+lxvgw0eat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400*dc/luawj *jej,s0)r0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature isowx),dgrh1: k,b j m eh019yrl monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area9o byl,)11ejrhrgm, 0:wkdx h $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it 9 ip9x;q 8jaq kb/m2lyis at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar co3vtpqhl :: 8ywllector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.