Which of the following is a/bv.u-)iu. lyotw5x the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature2e5gyqey1 /w ifo 1.t)ff iy)v of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kin m3(7y6cbunf :lovpn /etic energy of individual molecules is referred tobu(f7nycnlpm/3o v:6 as

  A cup of water is scooped up frhc 2,,89okjo5paya+ b3 cdmjy om a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperatmcdk, +ojcyaj3pa ,o9 hy82b5ure T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas d)6ac 3 u0:yknc:nno rdepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial vohdskjsopl:ql 2.yp 4 ),tqd) kk9e89 clume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initis2o:) h)sj,.9kdkl89 pkcptqeql4 d yal pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy rjop2z6ool cx.eofw;8 68 z)eU at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temper3y3bw;l e 737who nkrjatures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a 7ahk(h) :+cs*qr aaoaz0vd 9xhigher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemen:a ) (razks0a+*cqxd9 haohv7t is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminue c,.0vtc yia tl2,l2vbo*2zfm and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnit 2t 20ylecfat*o2 ci.v,v, zlbude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquiceo.mu/ ;gy *ad state is referred to ag cy*me uo/.a;s the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stb:hzkj (1))v3 vy mpqzk.5uzbt 4sn0date is referred to asz0 :.y4)bvt 5 p3kzhdm ubz(jn1sq)kv the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate, 2xqm0d6*qi(lfqd v3r

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezez wok+qh5 t0v- 8a.ugvs

  When a liquid evaporatr6:e4b 7ms7xci j+ xuyes

  When a vapor condense6it2p vw .uug-s

  In a cloud formation, wazs1spyn4kv z3d:, f6 pter vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger untkvpf46pd1zn zy,s3 :s il it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a 4*5cyfw 5o psqpan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water 8setfcqm*)d*,pj:8a k on0dvat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred 5 j hdrj)5-6k-n7glvv maw)j l)r rtq-to avh6n-d)q- 7r-twj)gj ljk v5mra5 l)rs

  By what primary heat transm*ndb0h) jg 9pfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end n)bm9 pd g*hj0is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch thanrvk y9 5ncu6,e a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of th9c5er6 v y,nkue following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a jt2s9vhj; mn s/g* gk0homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature d0mh*s 2jk t j;n9g/vsgifference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivit.4ov ;r m/ yruef.ao(ysi0 c.zy K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective ther(o0/ .. ufsry ryi;mvo .ecza4mal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby ntnqyk /2e-7tg 2r;atheat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another yntr2/t g27n-qket ;ais referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stwtyxj k8kurqnw 13,32ove?

  Convection can occur qj 76d06s.mv+jw zvrfsjsf(/

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to5j/c k25y;yov9octc*mp, atlg tn: 2f humans in maintaining suitable bjkyy * 5/t59cna;gctcvo: o2lmf t2p,ody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gra-9:bag5bntl s2-m a/c 5hy amk/ra-q-wo,qnv vity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true abq-c 5-nyb rha: lvs--a2 /bm/k5o9t w,gqamnaout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangula7;qb2zn6dkk y t,3idtln a(h a*/h+drr houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be tr*nzbh,(t+dd6 aah ikt/3yqdn;l2k 7r ue about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,1vj;f ym6rk0njig, 0 o by what factor does the radiating pr 6j g0m;yk01fivj,onower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred (9an0lan5t g g jogb3k* 9cf3ep uz5u3to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm gep6tst6h*p* u4aql1 the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat- z u+uygvu,kevr+ q,;?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mucxne /2j(qz o:rh work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g h)d 9x y lj (au:ktu7*h/k1jxtg m e:tdt-5p,rof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resu))g nyoexa5pyr69+ d clting temperature cha+6rc5oe yndgxp) a)y9nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orig5kj t x hn3fc3+ 1 raxtgn-0ri8.gjr1xinally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kgs3mju.*rslvp 0dx /8g9c 2ufi of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up9e2gz v(ro20jrm 0zmp her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heathuq( s c5z8;hd is added to zc s8uqh; h5(dthe gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of .xbkmx.w1 gh7 metal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially att 2 s87u uu1x1ume6nksa u7d5y $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ur(-zjr uaq12c +qw3iat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a(*fyrft ;n*oz system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tertf y*(fz;* onmperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted toj5t iba455e ax explore the relationships between variobex5 ja 4i5t5aus forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Nis ael4o: /2sta/l(cw5 kwfog,agara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperalw2 tssk5ga://le oc o(4afw,ture does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. eh5puhs/z; yxh3zl7 7 Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank f;3x7lz7/hy5hse h uzprom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tak zng(tip1rz e -qvg4 32hi5)c0n /fkeie to heat 20 kg of water3f5c ez01 kp qgv 2it/nnrhigi 4()ez- from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (ma*.q6ts )f 1mvz g6(p9w- 0stqecjuymbss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specif k8xqu)0wio3pic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chahd)d 6q2ghytni vf04 /1dlhb,o ;mdo4nge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. u 13g.lq+ysih How much heat is required to melt 200 g 31.s+yuqihg l of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to 6xc(5+huepn ks -2hdgchange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs tob8l 2i scwb g-v.jld21 be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 8073b6wmzw r4t f kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially1 t+noi4(xu:wen1 pne at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at )(5y*ww cz1tupi chfjcp4) f. $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water ak,*/l7h7z qg klg gr2rt $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chanilw:yk6,jc 3oob4afpxo)8 fq o -y +p76kw 6cpge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requiredk4l20y1tvkcy9 +e2s et.hy cv to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice tmn- z5hz-joz8+dt j l;o 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the)nx yr(8(r7pw u*:p/zqjc ohge; zm4v heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, ame yn(4pu/;rozzcjwh8 7 v*)g r( :xpqnd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is)fvo aq+*g y-no19zs u $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods l(w*r4tcnwq 9 rfh z+fd p8r)5(one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod i4r lq fnf8( 5hpz9cw*wr+t)rds maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5er1emti o;6 n( m. If the outside temperature is;1 itemo( ern6 $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the e1t2dlmo mf- (outside temperatur2 lofmedmt1- (e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of c z(2qbqgh.k +t g-,g 4ukxzac4oncrete ( (c kg+kgbt xuaqzgh24q4,.z-$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thtwdgvn 3)x*a2: afd3yk 4xm 4drough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throug hzjxpr5v2nw a9x7+g8vh 0 5cch a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining stvr a8b*0c ehzt 4e:2nkeel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powee k 0 8avrceh:n4*2btzr emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when *bv20m v2oz egjc: 5wfit is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sorm5c9,m+fuo ygeki(: g,gpc8 lar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.