Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energy53 s-wnd6 faxz?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the jh5n/90 te bystemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules iso yng)eddk75 p168hl lm .gw(e referred to y1od7m(5n8 lgk)dw h e6e.gpl as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmiq et0q8 faz gaq8e,1a)ng pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the 8q,fgate8zq 0 1a)eaq cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas du r6slu5l :x)tccz) ;zepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until i6* *cg dik,rbqzwy7s-.lp u ,1tpoo*uts volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal enerd ocqw17irlob,-* s*u.* ,6pkz tugp ygy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U e.0kprem*s( rat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do .rcu4w.l wp ra 6brve/*bow wl(3)4he5e eii :not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher spatp cvb 4m. v((f ,9ieewkv;y7lf,s9i ecific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount lip4k (swv(;.f, acie9f 7 vbtmy9e, vof heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made uclqa)6jh0gbn /b (zs+p of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than doubl6( gb0 +zaqb/ )scjlnhe that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to crd5.,*e u wgb0+3,0skbiyyaw oio fb9hange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referrfb ooy3+ ie w r*k90 by.bd,ga5wi0su,ed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor e 2,k i4wxzjs/wojy:3krh/(mv.)w qxstate is referred to as y3xzm4e.,r( j/vk i)w: wkwjqox2/shthe

  If heat is added to a pure sub4 /ua8p lj vl:w.azxm. 6d,: ,ccaviojstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesk eedcm/qm ;tt2 z1*m8v+q*yu

  When a liquid evaporagen p7u-sa. r ts(m)o1tes

  When a vapor condenses35o)ef7u(b3o:c ue;f ov ,vwrd me+bt

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wa8 /uj5k-tj g5hg+aa4gbhvc9 ater droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. T b agt h9vhjgca58- 4uakjg+5/his will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bo .3cq-ad(djn71;knx drz.qg oiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateka mepu5e5 (9nqx f(/hr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means ;tjcygimg 5ae: 4bm7a re-dzb2 38q6 gof molecular collisions is referred to asib am7ebg 46g;z-gtqdrj8e:yc a 52m 3

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of 5qsgvdh a,y ( pmmg7nk1z+j(t m*i -x/an iron bar become hot when the other enjnpy5sgm v1g d7 ,k+m /hm (-x(za*qtid is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feelsi-w)ulp +eq kf79)ge+u w3p r22bi ctg much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This isr igc9+e+tguefpiq22w b)k-lp )u3w7 due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thick u peni0xk )zb;orz,;+ke/8 ojness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknes,on /x 8;izk)kzo;eurb+0jp es will

  A layer of insulating material with ther qj ( l idt4;zjzky82b,u9rdu:mal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of jz d:z9y4,udikq2 l;b8tjru( thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the maacglsbu.eo4+.y2+ wu1 7 8l *te ixmxoss movement of molecules from one place to another e8.ticxlm.y uwoe u x*7sg1+ 4 ol+a2bis referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechahy f2);*kmzj9 g7wrjh nism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuraswh-;i 9ia v9(0 hqewp(xm 5o4z(or g

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impol6ajgcj,p/( cmhw *h/rtant to humans in maintaining suitable body tewhp /j6jclm*g a(/ c,hmperature?

  A spaceship is drifting u:x*t4tnnfn- in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true a:tx*fn4nt n u-bout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from rt;.e ol 8kjl*aoohi,+6(lvsthe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat woul*lj+ o 6loi;kareo,t(vls h.8d have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fo+y efh3 wqb)oqf -gf9 t:s5/yactor does the rafg w -ye:h9of3b+oys)/ q5fqt diating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any m9o;:)z dvgdl(zj;+i*nf yyhyx 3 5cik edium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the S4jg2 v7l zg/ yo9bdb-dre4v/sce rl.-un warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu mk e-ggcyh(9,*/ jrqoch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivale7jd:w8k y5 b8cjl0dxmxs*i0 7shago : nt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1akl 1j1px 2(dk00 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is t9zz;yfl ,nv*v0 5qvonmn 3d) zhe resulting temperature chm3vv,90z5zfyn;qzdnl * n)ov ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origina 8txp80 9mvrmilly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatureuna h 461) qmk)rpp+z irv,hy- of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bcn c12 gv.7 6iqw77q sxwt:potath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0. y5 4rivyl7sel/ zp ;-bl2g(omov)bw010 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if theovyo ;-evi )2z gmp/ 4lswl5y07br (lb temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated s-fc g-54ma *)i*egwjxk q-pnto $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cdak::ffl02hyp k 6wx;opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at a7wjilk4 t k;tvo5r4 +/ijki/4bwg /v$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sy4ri06t/dxec xn h,jk /stem that is thermally isolated from its surroxje dxh,40/k/ c ti6rnundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attk0zfaafb-pd :inoc)u6n- vm 1 (u4vy8empted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which8af c6ndu-fb:) mou4- za 01kyv( pniv had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assu:y d/od6x9m jmgyk g9:zm4- icming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the 4 ym9k6y igmo -:cddzgj /m:9xwater rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how ;ana qb/ c q707fcw2mju8w*bnlong would it take to heat wc*w0a72c u7qajwn bq;/ nb 8mfater in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it7c lydeg7qz9+fop k7g0 jv1.c take to heat 20 kg of water gdf70.v7jz ypeo17q +lk9 gcc from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (hosyd6-t9vb 6mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =-)o2e * ng ;(knulrtqf $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remor5l5j,otj(v,e e6kpmt9 sc (dzq. , iu8ri 3zwved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fus/8 ;wgg,bmlck- h*e5le+ve lfion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200+/hll f*5 m8;vke, wleceb -gg g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg op 1q* ynsv8ay mq54duhin1 /wci4j 1+jf ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to by/ (edn g.xh-s 9siai6e removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice isl8 j-8i27u0u 9bz j:lhl; n4 cvkzipxw 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in/ctilga1 67vh: t udl7itially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ate r(hjf isz0 ,z 5g kpfypx(z2p0/l;s- $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10eeth ( 5ptnx9j) )-zhg kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chhqn4rw mejmta ig c07++e.4r kp.ah,8ange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chaxlku51 4 wma;g5g8dbf nge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teahbbut q bk-)95 by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal+* lv*w7la0tdtpf 6+vvnrm s9/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and* td+0l6as rv f+*t9nvw7mpvl its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isbn57() 911v r6vlggw1z 1yr amlmm0ctw hjxb4 $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that off0)vy / j*yxmfl v7h*4(tlvk l brass. Two rods (one aluminum and th/*v v ktf l)yh0yjfm7 vl4(*xle other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimenszroo 5w* zqr,)ions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is r )r*,z5woz qo$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1. 9sw*q4c5j ness m3+ido /w7ok5 m. If the outside temperature/ m ei*kd5 ns4s937scqowj+wo is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.62 ctawm j4)rv0 m section of concrete (2)cwm r t6j4av$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to t +7izsumz gy7*ransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is los1 -wej s*qsas9t through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace zyd- zy9z22ln8fhv()n w ro)-udq x.u used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through f nzr8zwn9) lz-y(uy x2vd-d2h ) uqo.a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enuzyva5 d ,sf7:ergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solasd 4 bg8b(jwqcof-.j5 r collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.