Which of the following is the smallest/jyc5rih r*y8 pmhs.s+c9ku+ unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary toq70pku3dx5nyyj 0 mz y:y97dj raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energ5di m 9w/vp(gfy of individual molecules is referred tof vmi 5d(g9/wp as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a g0c p+ :p72gpzf vid3x0yflf8swimming pool of water. Compare the temperatx0zfilf30cv g8:p2 +pf 7ypgdure T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal ehkpe,-s1x3qa)m r9y gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is h/yiio fg ;ue(:oe62:ptn ,pjealf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gaii;joe pfoun/: y: ,6(e et2gps will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U krlwp ur e8;:pi)a suuj :52mv;)b*jrat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do novmiu0m 7)gy/ k sti d.2r;w*xpt vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higherhsfb8+ d-hb6i 7k 57 hclrjwr;y+*rbh specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which srf-;jkb+l hcbwh+7r7h8 ydr*b56histatement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made uj 9 z f7;vo7 ).tnhmzpj-vtkh*p of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copk f- oh).zh7j;v7mtt*vz pjn 9per are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid st6ryew f8;upj)j w0j+nate is referred to as thef j+;wnur6 y)ewpj08j

  The heat required to change a sub1)sezg h)3gb v 2dju9tstance from the liquid to the vapor state is refe vg)9zte gsb3h12)jdurred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stk*26iqx 2j uxxeady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze27fk*zyniu +o b3cyf,s

  When a liquid evaporatn zdk0am1)e ikonl.jp :v*:d3es

  When a vapor condenslphxps76 ):--llu+gb 5 w pksees

  In a cloud formationi1dfu rhtw/nz/ n*r48 zr1 e7p, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. Thi1rnu /dz/* h8z47 p1fr wrnteis will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a panblpjlg vu.p1pehx q455j.n76 of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water atdl-y.8ijwot5/,yzg :c6vb vr $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of i+hegs w :+/y by; g*-x6nqqvfmolecular collisions is referred to ayg+i+;6/vqx febnw* q-y:gshs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one 7y *gk mk:ckv*4hx*iqend of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flamexkmvi4gq y* k*7k*:hc?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piec bgeqj;vd,t r+ua77p1+qg /rr e of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the folur7j1tqd +,7q/rr+ea b ggp;vlowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ratvtcj- qs;kawr/ l*ey;)ehj ii-wfpe-v5; 9 : ne of heat loss focv l) hny /q p;jf;eai-5-kjt*vwi;:er wse9- r a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thetguud*cw- j50*7 iy:z m. g;uvfaa ji-rmal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal ta wd0 ;m*ijgvitf u.j7:- u5 g-zayc*uhickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fromdxji(gx kl tc49 .1ba) one place to another j41 dckgx9a(bi.tx)lis referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a p 6zs8kt.07kkte;ev6n4 r imr jot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur:v-g (yun,swn

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impor69ns8a v 3weg)5blr:uf dec0ytant to humans in maintai0)y6u:bvla5 ws nrg8c93fee d ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment i 6 (g7/ vmced0vwt:abwhere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convectioavde7c bmv0( w i:g/t6n currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials3 yba-q( qzepi,xdq1:. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger houseqqeqx(zbd1-,i: y3 pa would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fa*l0; f-ecmddebhxi.5 8: nbz yctor does the radiating power ccf0 - n; bmey:ldixhz.58d be*hange?

  The process whereby hz)erfgnc/m - 6geb);8pm ip-geat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does 9qs4:bc0fr *k bv ept9the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to o )rhbkv 67 an( -pr s(9qi4)jmxrm5o:1dylmuhow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wori jhf s2+ z+;n*om7lqdk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temd 25r4zjk j/ql e3m9xlperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resullu s6 l*;( i(qjv/hn .o0zyndhting temperature ch;qi/(j.sluo *h ln6ndy0 vz(h ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blfuk w5 y - rdaltlh.x8d55bh85ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temp nk) elne6 0hrn47th,terature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water byp l:f9*. os-jh lhuz-lkp(ds8yv9tq3 adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kr 8gn tq lsw98h(2w)avg of copper. How much heat is added q9)wn(lvs8 ath 2wrg8to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hhpity5 -x89d+bu hej.7gjaxs-, t)edeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i8cu6x4 jun;wk6,*hqqs+ z tnj nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at f;)*ont2 wczt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects makee e8mfg *f+9who8y1-mqqty s4 up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objec1*4w8m-+ hyet9s eoyqgfqm f 8t has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule vvy5u. s(qw l+attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the5qsvl(.vy +wu rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niak u(8e;nqgw2r gara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gr gqkre;w(n82uavitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. pmhbl8 e6);mh iw 9 hpvf:+4je Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water ihh4 )vp9lp; wb8fm meie6 +:jhn this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wakq,02+o3 u 1 6s wr275emqcmkjf6hoyvu*ztmzter. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fromm 1cjf*5h0q6k6 mv2y so zkoue +tuzqm37rw2, $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10ofgkjvb6, +km5*s6zt .m+gid00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kn)uk80zmvz f1 hife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid49mu rn2 ;p qx4mjb4rc?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion ofq.og bm: f81vee+ym. i 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icev+:mo 1..qeyf 8ebgi m?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of iauwi ,vt8t.;,sj qpz0ce at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g f yini)bqg43, of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g oz 8 -;tykr2pym8hgex9 9 runw980zuxv f ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini3 6xun eokq4d4tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ae 3(4daxkaf-c o:;mxu1j /sott $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water at j -xdc1xy6ja 2$50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onfiox7 pfd,802s)a r db *mqm3nxjn-r3e gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is req2j/yvcntb vx 0g(rtsyub r 8s(/+z3 x8uired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of h6)s4(ape+rtwt: c,l .sw fjjzot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizg nu9l; m:rqs9ation is 207 kcal/kg, amg 9;lru :nsq9nd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivltr hghbrls/)c:f2mut /m 1hvt 3; *:bity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivitynpf)a;ms 7. pi of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass)sf aip mn7p.;) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dix*t)93ns ) -y yrfukdqpwxu;9u .h)djmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isuhp9xr;3xyw ) )tqyunu )ds9jkf* .- d $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cmjb9* e zveytfs* 2 ,ifl;2nxu0 thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature 2be9t*j;zf*l2 0fvesxui y ,nis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow i9ay21 hx8,4rdlb9i tan hh +ran 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete h ,9byia28 nldax41thrhra9+($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transf8fe )3 rdko:t9o.76wha vfgeaer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through ax )gpcl 0t1*:q*syet b:5kjbm $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used f 4c t:b5hlv5f;bmptnp;e vn- 31twg .kor refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through n5 bpfe;4t;3ng-b5ptcmv .1tlw:hk va small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is atved l1uvu3czzmj)s:0o g2 wu lm 7-+0a $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecteyczv)0) rxnsbs 254 gion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.