The process shown on the T-V graph is an bz d:3ti;ha6a

  In an isothermal proa5)gj+ljj7la 0 +le) q+mgtricess, there is no change in

  When the first law of6gt chu)r 6xf8 thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice iaw ) 0fuc io*yv-t.:fits original volume with no change in its temperature. Thi*y:i-vfu)0 a . owfctis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally froq5m ytic6z*q,nf 96 obm 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by thi5 qq6bo9ymztfc* n 6,e external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original v17 i; stvp+a)y5ojrzx d9 7k 0hyqwde2olume during an isothermal process. The final pressurpx; vow71y9sd2r7z)qi+ ykj a 0tdh5ee of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermap 8yuxle81w*olly from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the follow8 we8p xu1l*oying statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isoxu9x ks2l ekz,afgt 6051(q tnlated environment. During the event, the gas extx tlk0 xefs9znk5guq , (216achanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyna;8vr z23-opvaxjc o,w mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half e2hx9p .mt jfp.:y o0nits original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gapfj:n.0o x my9.pte2hs

  Consider two cylinders of gas identic3fwo 7e.-erzxal in all respects except that one containse7- z .x3fwoer $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects ep +alvbh,j+(l sf3:i6 ilqn4do2:crg xcept that one contains lj3n , s4oic+ad6: ql(fbl2r p g:+hvi$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV1ii( hn2 ;, mzgp1vu p /aavo17l9yijg diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, t5wyoea5by. ;wq7 (dm where is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyna gg1i6zb+w, vamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added : af8bu/knchj56f :o uto it. This processbfjh6ko5/:uuc a nf: 8 is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at coc)6unl;s .t irnstant pressure. As a result,tlr ;).cis6un the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on-hvu 3 f m:prk;r7ptazl3wrz(z26j z, the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, thereodgvb5,+ mw)n* 9kgkv is no change in

  When the first law of therrg1 k1j 1+., 9f guht3rffoauhmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand a k1qw4vax(q hpg0gb 3k f3(z.ei( 7t,cw t8loos heat energy is added to it. This proce14.qqebko fv70(w t3ggw8ct3(aix(lh kp zo,ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gafoml6,wvg+sy 7,yo r -s at constant volume. As a res,gmlry,o6- +7fvy wso ult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermf dzkn+b4* rg+odynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hotk yp;4jk* 2,w xf 2+-* u7woshsj /rjcz(boiii reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat yw(b2oatpvx 0 .5 yhx,psx,15q r ebr2from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausiuf 0okh8 ve y diukui w 8mf,l*9803+lsj;t5plhs.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrxsri3y(q r;y4wyp51 k ated here. During one cycle, how much work is d (1rwxyrsy3kqi4;yp 5 one by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ra nlzqp4 br9s;,tio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the healhjw) sxf6+:r-y((bnxf*fsd8 7pp l qt sink muynfq( w8fx )-:pxd*+j lsf7 6( slhrpbst be

  A Carnot cycle consists o,uf()pifnp t 9f

Give the Kelvin-Planck sd3u6jjhmktnaf++tp( v3r,k , tatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the lk)kb ov198 ;wsyhj*u ratio o;* vy91 soj)k8uhb wklf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defvk0vrv:g .7sg2 1 qmqpined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, thewfi74k,90j olu s-gz e entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may ocqt3g l(q1aip 2:s, mtpcur withpg:s3pt, ( 2qq i1ltmain an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynami;i92t4en rm4da gn72ao3n u bqcs.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude i8eij y0r(f)a that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed fro3hyuukp-w u(;vi /pm* cyja31e9hg h7m an ideal gas. What is the chan;ky/g1ay9( j3hu -h7c *ehwpump uv3ige in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gasgny :5xd0g 6pd. What is the w5ng dpxdg0y:6 ork done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal proce4c+bz8 xviv o9ss is -400 J. What is the change in internab+8i cv4zo9vxl energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing8 i)sp2,9 zjq7bmwb fp a gas adiabatically. What is the change in interbz b2,q9)sp j p7iwmf8nal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. Wha;my,:1edvv /xr sizv- n7mz-n t is the change in internal ener- :z r i n7,mzvmyx;/-dv1vsengy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy ocz ;b9v.s viqs+ij 1)yf a system decreases by 50 J. What is the worv9s; cqi+ 1.yvsb)zji k done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreasv+klq d9f m)3kes by 50 J. What is the heat exchange93lm)fkkvq d +?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant vrq(hvd 8+ rnk y9e/-ftolume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400y (/dn krt98qvfr-he+ J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J 4)m9* sjw./o uo uxjygof energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sawgm s*u j )oyj4.x/9oumple?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wayfwa1osq;* 2w ter at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of hean9 aaot2 g,82jjz,lmp t and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficien9 2a2j,ztm jp, gn8oalcy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0r5xn8 9o40cb0b q) fial 2laru% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work 2uaxc4bql) l8o50arfb r ni90does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency oa zi .fsj9dj,w;0hs -g+n tjc1f 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat dod0acgh-f1 ws izjst., 9jnj; +es it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaustr)jr/x1r7 fays 42 kcal. Calculate the eff)7xrjr f/a r1yiciency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64i+nc p i/fa:m)vgj :;k kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each i+a:jfgk);ipn v :m /ccycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so f5o lb,dg:y4ougl1.qzv gv 8(war has the following characteristics: combustion chamber td5q, .v 81z4wgog (gv:ylobl uemperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteriflluibk1; ,yi;ap9dvy.o o / n.x(t:estics: combustion chamber temperatuleof. (;p.ual1/ynb;9, yix:i tk do vre = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the folv fmrjh cc(y6/.q )p*w7;rzm88h h0xcnz7spdlowing characteristics:8nq7.*0pyw svmhcd/jp cz7zfh6 rc;)h(mr8 x combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electriju( u+1np9w4j0eis o dc power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600o(un+2/z7gpbn uhs.y MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plantpz*kmtx) ygq) + m/p1p uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine:2pzd9u - (svoy0tnda which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engi81eqxglpy +gllxlx 89zw )*) bne operating between )l1g+wb l 8gx)*qy8lpxl x9ez$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35. s w,9m(pdqak.x.j k/k0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reseq9 amk.w /k (sd,xjkp.rvoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bv :jz)i 2u.lw0mmu)ybetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator remov90dw*xqq, w;k )wxutysp ;go4 es heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room w o9u)gdt4p,w; wq;xsqx*k0y per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of pi/ykev6 u9b 920 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room pe6euk pv99/b iyr cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of he 5ff+3k9lki-q nwubk6 at from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?+nwu6bl i f-9fq53k kk

  What is the change in entropy when 50 gt az 2lj0ilue + 4,ez*qwh2h8q, r4nht of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, t(u)ofit;2b +p* o, zs fax(wrh3bd 7bzhe change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansic8h9541ct ,zhep b dui7(mdo lon and its entropy changes 4hzce5m,18od dh(pc tlbiu79by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at md zqfg ( f5fp6,p6+h .fd+a(cgfz+qz$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.