The process shown on the T-wqd. mj;/luw/ ms 2*x,gr3qpki7s p. hV graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chan fiml9t 8/d+ ;;easagnge in

  When the first law of therm+fcpx ,+j z rg3,e/5jwoh :tlvodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its temprg 6r1w/ k)jyvkc1v-uerature. 6vg )1u vw/rkcyk j1-r This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During t3zihbe 7zlv i-hv 9x55his process, 6.0 J of energy i ixlb z h79ive5v5zh3-s expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compreshr*4s5jcy 4p di3+ik msed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal procesim3 ip*k4yrj4cd +5s hs. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expand3d 1+cayctjw:q r(f: sed isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by :r+st cd 3:(a 1yfcwjqthe external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed;5/m actlh f sp7a8g-m in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundinc pgs-mt 7f/aah5lm;8 gs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami :;bo/ db2ubtps7/ dumjy,b2t cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas ir ea2i/3 )bc,k gow(t*v;swiis compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic pro rs ib2i;)c 3/kw*egvtaw,i (ocess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except th ft:;d2cx* rkuat one containsf *2r:;ut xcdk $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of g a4qu/y( /r.owlhw0qcm k:*cxas identical in all respects except that one contains c*:0/c wlor yqax 4/.k(hquwm$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram r88nue * 9c-3lo9fb s*gzrk uais an

  In an isobaric process, there is no 1+vgh 3x;iw lschange in

  When the first law of t*gi4ajvt 4 ju/hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This pp 6lnliea8;8vrocenpilae l6 ;8v8ss is

  Ten joules of heat enerb- yw lw2w+q4zpp ,p zwc)5h-hgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the int+ -by4w z)pp w5, -wh2qlzwpchernal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the 0li(cxuu, oa*z(ka .dPV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, th;8ay h lko 1g;j057qua-wlyl cere is no change in

  When the first law o 3 m--+v7 lm rj6 k(fn(:gmye4y(.jjpydrad myf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as /u d7rv9yg:wc9jgx+ u heat energy is added to it. This pux7yv9j: g9r u/cdw g+rocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferreyv uaa uop53cs9-a)k2d to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume.ay- 2v ku)3o9aspuc5a As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynam3q89j(s 8yy6pa33sh vb emhiiics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot rnp g:dvza.6o. yxte14eservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a colyxwzw+n 3,2t70d7 np a yo- yyu3wmc(od reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law2(uh9xh 9f+:mp2aue8phpvr -p g n0zr of thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through r ft2 994o4nd9y:hx(i eoa dblthe cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on th(oy9:h99 d4e rdbf42 a itnloxis cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio odxsv* o8 qxs(-d,j f 5ej4oj9uf

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sik4ihj2.vjqyt:oi s( + nk must b (.yijoh:2st q vk+4ije

  A Carnot cycle consists o1 4(4jyydoe,e5 xzpny:(auae0x* s ihwh1aa; f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement saov zl*f6m ukyaove2-mprk(x6 3 *3 6of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of perfo l0gf tuyzljv9 ;a-3h0bik ,6mrmance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o0k f-9vul3h, bitjl gm ;z0y6af

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is definr y uq, .bieynwn.zs1; 0,imp0ed as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wa0bg/)mtz wam0 ter

  According to the second law of thermodyu+ cqv;0 fzmr3namics, for any process that may occur within an isolated syste0 3c+mr v;zfqum, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynaphaz0j2 s/n, lk k,8hzmics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concl,p7dbnyzz,p +/9 1 -8bi54xek iujqu cjbawr6ude that

  During an isothermal procemfch6/ghc -(e gdwho 4lni:07 ss, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the chamhwhgn4cf 7c-e(g0i l 6od/ h:nge in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal g 8snd j;rcvn7( : ;/n/bsumcssas. What is the work done in the proces;/ns(s jdnsn:/m7;b s8rc cvu s?

  The work done on an idelg1z ;msra 2x.al gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the c1.r m xsgal;z2hange in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiags(hz mn :r+v1batically. What is the change in v h(1rs +nzgm:internal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabaqu, ldc 9srt.fmmm9-.tic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in it9u 9-df .cms.lr ,mqmnternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the itfpmcoj 9l-9x 340ya lnternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work done?4 l 9cotlf9pmx3y- ja0

  In an isochoric process, the internal en3)ne l mvxi4g/ergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchange?)velig/ 43x mn

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas +lfu:cmzz30 l is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by:mzcz +30l ulf the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume whvvuqw 7c-sw0 r9e4 kw4en 831 J of energy is removed from it. How manu er-c4qwws7 4 9kv0wvy moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3q2m*gw 6qno 9a.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is ,p* umjz7 y)xxwoh39tp5t4s ethe 3o,uh)spe tj*7m4pw y5t 9xzxefficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and te nh35 x**obireceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mh5otnexb* 3i*uch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of+w 7sn 7g6ppuix6bip; 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much 7i 6pw7 psp6+iubxng; heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. l ah2;w2inw2xCalculatlnw 2xw2a;ih2 e the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42j7 m3svsf :uj6 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyclej m6u7:v 3jfss.

  One of the most efficient enrf aw6weny (0;gines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tempe(f w6ynawr0e;rature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so fa x di86owes*ha+ sud;mt40fh,id;c+wl3m h2jr has the following characteristics: combustion iaw,mhewf6l2u 3h dhsm;+t o*4+dd;c 0jsx8i chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following ss;i6qe1 b*p bcharacteristics: combustion chamber tempe6 e*bipb; sqs1rature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elec8mdv 4zfi+tn 8tric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant gene t d2 o.plxeo.52*93x d3mqp7wboaa mbli1bq+rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 M42kl mt5 vwbq.W of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates between )e ,c + -a:hly +i6qb9sm(c kddtlg/wk$450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating be* 0( xx6w2d/yblktq zstweenkt6(* q/sx0 yb zwxdl2 $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. Whh rse7w8g)xm e ,k0ht92o,vvrat is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir iver0,2he7 v) , x mtkwo8shg9rs $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatingqt2yiz 4r x-kzf5m;hd) m 3 0gpcw-vj0 between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes hs*klxokcv* :5i 5i:ji eat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. H5 ivj k5xs i*:kli*c:oow much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 2.+c, rbkio uq30 kJ and ejects 24 kJo3 uiq+c. krb, into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a +eq;bxaqo tczy26)4j refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each c + )x2zo4;jae6qyqtc bycle?

  What is the change in entr(zu(/1r, pfrho ob9 q e3*ran; nqo(jbopy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, tep*j 1v gc qzl,/9cfe+he change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP under5s0gjldujrj xgz 7+ry)b2.fy jd2s (:goes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes byj z5xls(y: js)rub+d7 .rjg 2d f20jgy
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at is2lhl/ e;e6n$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.