The process shown on the T-V gri* f,busqs(hn8h xr1.aph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change i0o t k)q3tyvd+ ly(f38f(mtqnn

  When the first law of thermodypna iwgt9k 9zzw,+(d *namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change inz9t q1j0q89 x *jvyt7-xyexxm its temperaturey9vyxxtx 7me0*tj-j qx198 z q. This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isotherm n//71nzuh3fwui w7q mally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energfi7/7w u/muwz1hqn3 ny for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during anv x2jh2n0ez-n isothermal process. The2 - ve2njn0hxz final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expandu ;n3b i xt0w0,ad5ekued isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanis x u053wk,t au0d;bienm that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in aod (sxj(l7gn 2n isolated environment. During the event, the gasls2 jgd((7 nxo exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamicdk+jhvzdy6w x .:kbdeg (,k5 8s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compres /- mej lrt0 si 7f9ihkh.-9:l(kwvfe;izvmj6sed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. Th9i70h:i i fz- jksf/.klmjt-vhw;9ev e(mrl6e final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one +4imit:bjf(c-d7p/ nm6d wck contains icwkcdb-+mt7jnd6:4f pmi/ ( $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all):g zzlkm 8t64a7eio w respects except that one contains w4 g7 aoie6)lk:m8tzz$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram mypkgp l(oc)hlqyd+d u6pj0 x83+7c , is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change acir0u/y vt/j:i3 5f- rrapw9in

  When the first law of therm:2wepvb 2b3gt odynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat iid)ik, esa:;y/vcg,v2 s.anes added to it. This process is si;e)v:n.ve aa,2i,c /dg ysk

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a 6w()kp)sie vu sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of thi6 ke() uwsv)pe gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is /kii2 r6f5ue uvy,j: c

  In an isochoric process,wsw-duncu9d(m v yav0 fs/9+9 q;kxm, there is no change in

  When the first law of tn: 0rrtly4v -jnms4s 5hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot exm rxqu tu,ys,-hii4c( d 4e9:2xg+ ihppand as heat energy is added to it. Thx4 p hig,r+4 xiq su,u9ec2m:-h( idtyis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gub:t s3dnq 9;cf 5hm7cas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy ofhc3d;c:n95 qmtfsb7 u the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics.cjy()v1. 2v)ejr9g 9 rfxoqag

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold resea 9wz 8rk( ;hdq0fr;wga3 rg0tvnv2e :rvoir?

  Is it possible to tran gokn /owe9lvkbz29o/6ljl9 *sfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics a;oz1s/9 mbhvos +jtf 0ccording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustd18f( clbj1 o v6*lkmarated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by bjkol * 8f1ma1l6(vcdan engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rativx g83onfl r7lkk4t2/ o of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, th33krftfhy 8ti :y-hojr ;c)q9 e heat sink musorfht3)y ct j8 y9:-hq;k3 rfit be

  A Carnot cycle consists ofor24*j 3x- btizei;qf*pf8 e f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of th 5d;slh apmg/y7vw i7*1iv 0reermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refs1av wt w4f6)kj) /)kawj xl jwe3sf(7rigerator is defined as the ratio ojj) sflw7 3wf6 k1xa(vw4 tj/sk)w)eaf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat ,lo; uw l8l wzbkb eow*4g,f)6pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy9rcb58nv6 tlhv6chhv:t u3d 9(j/q30ss pkzc of the water

  According to the second law of thermodyh(teaem( arncb vn +-8b3-di6namics, for any process that may occur within an isolatvianb- (hdncb3+ r8 e-team(6 ed system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statementnaqw- j2c-;ot 7vpjh*dfuw 6r 0rqp 30 of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynam6d3gke0if z3 oics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ic4 .jx)uf18c rttx r*udeal gas. What is the change in internal energcu t1tjxu8f r.)4 crx*y?

  During an isothermal process, 5.5.u cwg s12f4u 2ym (ogy;hb- hhigtq90 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work don1m-h.yu24c5(gytg iq; h h2ugwb osf9e in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas syf ,1yhq )rr9 r8jt*tcbstem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in int)t* 1trch8yrq b,rf j9ernal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change ihh 3z955qnmkec gs zex(:jgxw2,g16s n internal energ wn(ghx, kex2q3 1:gzc9z5ss emh5 6jgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes ts1 fqc pyzvgcy:42rtv+ *5+ t z8/ncman adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in interc85t ntt :v*gq vzyzf +y4ccms r/+p21nal energy?

  In an isochoric process, th; rr -8.is:rni1znx yfe internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work donnr;1r.r-si8:fzxi ny e?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Whi/xz+ 0qi0ja; dap;/yylfax )at is the heatx0ad )iazyq /;;+lajyxf /i p0 exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic ga n 4sj 92jon8nzx(uir k0i1wu9s is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gasxirj820u4kzn 9 wn nsi9j1(uo ?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant v o)kpgu6p :c mt1gcr4;v 2rqs2( 02 vmfyu*eftolume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas areg t21v 2y2*erpc oc)vmf :;km6(0u u4qrfst gp in the sample?

  A system consists of 3. fkd9a.m 3fz(u0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of h:;cpo 87)p o- . ksggluzjme 5vc.lca*eat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficie8p-ackuc ve )lo*57m o; .:sgjp.lgc zncy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% a 3 jag;r3jjr8lnd receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much worj ; g83jjr3lark does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of hejb1g :hu299s+wc-mz xv5gox cat per cycle. How much heat does- c9xmg h+j5cozg1 s2b:vw9ux it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs+ 6)br .b80eiw hvtbih 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the +0b) i.tbh68h wbevri efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle9vu .59x 6twmhjkgkv, and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate x6gkmtvv .uh 95k,9jw the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built st +in .1;qdkfrsmc9 )ue -l(moo far has the following characteristics: combustion ch(m1cl. +uofr-s di; 9mtnke)qamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followiag50myt pb0:c rj3 rq9ng characteristics: combustion chamber5m :pcarg0 j0r3t9yb q temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following 6ftu:mx; 5 :whlbdhu0)uuv+p(x kp, f characteristics: combustion ch:0hxp(fuxduu +65bm ut;fk) :vp hl w,amber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW oe yh2s5.sghy (f electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant ge2,(:*d wilr66qhk*hwlmm v.tvm bg 9hnerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of el iy imljt(4)y 48 tdlvyo5s6q0ectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engib t32 6-2bnqaqw(ivnsne which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency pos;vzd1k;6f-pa9n who650vln4yo on vk sible for an engine operating betweevlwd6fo4n o60 yno59kk-;pzn1; av vhn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempera+gi+pdknpilm4 i 8jgi ys 9(;7ture of the cold reseriip 4 ++lyn;9i dgkpg7i sm8(jvoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet )aqd(k 12kwo70j3k z28ydnzgqtaq zv0iu a36ween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fhlwcx gr8*tgd.+ t8yxk6 p n:2+s:ke. tk jpn6reezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 tkg86gw *p x:2 xt j:sk .rpye.6lnchnd8t++kkJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compar9 ll-*af r3aactment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24ll f*39-aar ca kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the f/q3ljk w 6*cxlreezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is reqx* wqlc6 lk3/juired in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy w7sq*rgkv5s;.w /an4s,m).mrk rw rwo hen 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezy9 iis+rpji/ 5vk1 dfz;o3/efes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoesq;;t1xbx10kyv )a ud a an isothermal expansion and its entropy c1tx by;xq 1au;) da0kvhanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at e p7ql 2/ayy88 tikwz3$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.