The process shown on the T-Vv:aa 0mlldon; gfe0xag-bh+ 7,bu2 )k graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change ik 2gfwmf*1el; 4nw4yxku8pd 5n

  When the first law of thermodynamics,)iiv2k ctdr x 2);:xr cc.wn1ffjd6(x $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wi gkw n,1uj+1p9hq y19; vqnnjpth no change in its temperature. This process ,k9+1j9ypj1qp ;nhngn w uq1vis

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. 6abvmjc*+h2ddh t 3w5 During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by th*t52d+3b jvh 6wmhadc e external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed t3 l fvdpj0.1 - 1e:h0bvd/iywmwwon /lo one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure dondvlim0f-ywj1: v0wbe1 . p3w /l/h of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process,e v+k:* jaer y/egy5 5oddj6(o 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the g5oja( ej*+5e k/yed6vy ogrd :as. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, theb3nwpg.)7jt h gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. Thi3tb7p .gw)njh s process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,k94d tte .el2sruovk2 smw v*+og2 4n, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is clz(sm)zen8 k :ompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The filk(esnmz:z)8 nal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical*-o)hur8 nz4lrjj za( 1m klj2 in all respects except that one contains 2u jrrm4l z1(-njjlohk*z 8)a$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identic a,rkehw xe+/g,+vv u2i3:zngal in all respects except that one contains izrg k:,uxan, h /ve+32egwv +$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on)fm vk v.;m(su the PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, )khd kh043w2gftt ia26n vv5f there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynam t yey+ml t++q+4xe*srdlj f,+ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it.y-go (at6x 6bx This process ixx6oabt -yg6 (s

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sawr5 ikzmr3mff-7 l9 s9mple of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a resuwrrml5 97z3s9k -iffmlt, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagrary f vu).lkhh.l1 d2/hm is

  In an isochoric process, theei z 2*)ri ofit),trom9bo 92dtad9,vre is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, 9 s;8z,hrww gm$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is mn;1lx0ay vb+w wjdhju/e 96(added txyu6;l+j(9 e1vwamb/n hjw 0do it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energyh 2va3)8rbe sp are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the)vbsr28h3 pea internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodx:5 azh7fi3xfn*daz7 b3ins.ynamics.

  Is it possible to transfepgs:8y .sh 6ljr heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a col4egzzx1mh(a( j b++rld reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynami33z:y,w.:agafqu- shhs ) i pscs according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cyl0hbd yw,7r2n cle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating ydl2h7 b,n0 rwon this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratio o5,k brw5s7w f+ec- gt-+kgsb 8amgh2jf

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot enginuybn)ia l6;+v*zwaq +e is to be 100%, the heat sink must+w+;z 6q yui lnvaa*)b be

  A Carnot cycle consists offk: )qn78xosmj(jbmww 4,j2 c

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the secex 3lcr xb1s0bxg3ni6):v zs7 ond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as thek-0m*f7bmdf-tf ik, r ratio of ,mmfi0- f*-dtkrbkf7

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is d53 jlrnc s a8 zni)sf kv:g;q0fsm95if8)wp*uefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the /)rh twg3c v7fz z13ujentropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any processtn4k 8 t- ly2kuul(o3p that may occur within an isolated system,y3 u(t-tk4k l8un2lop which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynam)jn j64jf 2 p8sl1gj: lcf:3zwflc 2epics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us a z.tc.r3:c;olmx2vg/ sgg6e to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.00v .3x lcusj:k J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the k:ju.3 vc sx0lchange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idvqr0k39 ig+7 ,n;br . lorvc*cmdpx8xeal gas. What is the work done civ l o,r;*q rxg 7k9vxmp8b3n. c0rd+in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -q ic4ik8k(5e*s l, 6h 3ggqiz+hm0i0m3u yweg400 J. What is the change in (l ik5 y qzgehmis6*geiq,i gkmc3w 8u+0430hinternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabaticalqi6cudx9ynq xo le3j cc(4)-z9:lj)ily. What is the change in internal ene (c9jqcy 4qc x9 u)jzld-x3)ilo6ine :rgy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabati (wdmg 7 ;cxz*p(42 rpa8vn q,yss*bgbc process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in interna(mrz,qc7(*8 4padgbv;pb*swgns x y 2 l energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J.z,hnqu -8bl c4y0drz/ What is the wcqbzl -d40zyh,8u/rn ork done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 Jjg(auu 5vozs gk2pws f; y.7;3. What is the heat exchange?vuk7 (u3 ;zggwf.2o apy5s j;s

  A certain amount of ai2-mgnqc .:wa monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energgwm.ia:2c q n-y from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy+s7sw vnp6x*,p . nbmf is removed from it. How many moles of gas are *xbsnsp ,+f7m wv6n .pin the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wgn0 etb: m.d;yater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receiv9:v*hnuu0 nmges 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effic9m ung0nu: hv*iency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35rek )xgudz4a18yswn( : n74 km.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does4:zern()1kmwk 7x4 sund y8ag it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an ku; whz*pb;t2pv7:op efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does ippvtzk;u o 7:h2 wp;b*t exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. g1g50hof;fm j Calculate the efficieh;51fo jm0fgg ncy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kkjlvt3f /a/2p cal. Calculate the work done each p23//ltfkv ja cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so farbqx9 e7icxp- f1718vfo lbb, c37 snkr has the following characteristics: c1eisfxpx-l r1b3, 97c bqnbok78fvc7 ombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient eo fx )z10ckxwzxr0 )(nb;p6 itngines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion z)p c(bzxo1w;0kfx6tix0)r n chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following chavct 4d e+ sir5q** 1ylkt/)tqmracteristics: q1e5l *tir+td*cm s /kq4y )tvcombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW i9)srwe/9h; qdao: rw2 sc-k (+yrxjs of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses alyz w6a--h 1)pn y6ad$4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant gene6fn evog -d3x,rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which ope xc92wnj 1kqe lp9+g6urates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operat ,uqh7;+ce dt2e rkc(king between, dkht+;r kcq2 7(ecue $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature(/fmwui7pagk lxp 2 ;k)5fy,a of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the k i/5x;pg2mff) 7uap k(,l aywhot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatavau x f ,/18)yvwtefah7yuy zv5u/0,ing between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 ke5/)nnq-t pyt p8 e8) gfv3ceiJ and ejects 24 kJ into a pft 5 -e)8 n3i)pvn8cet qgye/room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate l+c1 if6 4fqpbof 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient pc+1f4 qi6blfof performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a ref0 hb8u+ketu4erigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the free0b t eu8+uk4ehzer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 wr9bwip436,u 2t evchdb )6mv )lcwy*g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in ento(s.bd 4c5,w8 jjm5f f.h fecsropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its enthe8*rb.vrwis 7 e :j:t9st w,fropy wfj9ei srrs:ttbhv:.8we,* 7changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at jwlbo33 yh .qyv;;x+p$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.