The process shown on the T-Vj nuak21k;zs98xvsy 2 graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is imgf6l9ey6 : /8ybv+3o .en6zfvny ij no change in

  When the first law of thxnz4qor5z l a (9l0hp.ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to tw-:,5y2hnlmox*efr w3 dsv 2liice its original volume with no change in its temperature. 3my ev5l2-i2 frn:,o*xd h wsl This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. eri: +hn e bst(h9(lhplw 8e6, During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for thir9sethe pllehh:+(,w(bn 6 i8 s gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to odec z/8v1jj*e d6mf ya:8ux8one-half its original volume during an isothermal processjz:*y ujf 1o/cdv8x ad688eme . The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally fr1*iil qn o4gux-( -lsrom 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following stateor-ll ixu*-nsgq(1 4 iments is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated eno m)8jk4e)gpse ew ( ce26v/davironment. During the event, the gas exchanj)/ mae gcso(wk)p642e eev 8dged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics, bmpt( 3nc5bje+i1 a 5i 36hyje$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas ilrj5 ph3 q(,z l1czar1;tv nr5h40rpbs compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of j5c40;h35rlb ahq11r ( pztrvzn,rpl the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas th5l ,c4*tw cq 5ezm;xidentical in all respects except that one contains c lw,x*; ttmeq5zh45c$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one co7 n*k9hf) j2zfdf8)rocaxir -ntains aczr-f2)8d 9krn f f)jo h7i*x$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagramyls:q47oskd. gsc iry+;/ n wn0n,t0z is an

  In an isobaric process, therez;j1o n4 0vb3fbmt ;mk is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynabnabc3vbk. (72a4 )n mypa+ppmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at ck x4al xgm,tvcq-thd, m*/7p,onstant pressure as heat is added to it. This proc/ t7p4c *hxmamt -,qgkx vd,,less is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ide1-z 0 dw 6dyvmz6:sdeoal gas at constant pressure. As a szdw6yzdv6ed1 o -m0:result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV di5l+og ge3es -2*tkgw /qc.ctq agram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chanec0a/k(oz1ha(jy9v uu 4h)t y ge in

  When the first law of thermod46hamn 0/dz srynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cay 6 j0a02r ,wkgiv1m(u nmvof1nnot expand as heat energy is added to it. This privfor ugmmyk1v21a0(60 w,jn ocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant vm5ig gx+ 4v(g mmb,ts-olume. As a result, thm5,xggbmv-i 4tms( + ge internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thert)::y am ckbrxx; 1s*lmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transkf-a0c5cb hqkm 9obrt:9g y)+ fer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold resercpv3-:j2i f 7yos9ajlvoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics ac8 l8trvg ,mahz4w7s.8de5r qlcording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken throu5c 3en2h 1htkfgh the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is t21knc fh5eh3done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat edtwhjw+,wx2;x , 2g vangine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical ef;fb16uf7v2m+za3 w 4fo/ce m6s nwskvficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must bea66+mf27w3 o s4vwbcnzv1k s ;fefu/m

  A Carnot cycle consisvr 28h p) p/0zhmvhml(ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermod4memivw7ze/3 ynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defineb 9e6,-tai ekjd as the ratio ofji- 6tb9 ekae,

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pumpy)zdxkf 3w(qp 7lwn.0 is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, 8s*cow f25 4tg:nxesj the entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodona8e u 0vc1uhb *./bxynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which o1cu u ona*/0be8.bhxvne of the choices applies?

Give a general statementl li4fdz) av.7 of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude (*i c6jl leg pbxs:)/ h90oljwthat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0),v( h9n4uodiez tf *z J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in t4on9( vdezzf*,uh )iinternal energy?

  During an isothermal process376 6q4chy5bg mxq ysn, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work5y 3467b q6 nhycsmqxg done in the process?

  The work done on an idealta,igs,(mr :j gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in inte,j,rt ismag:( rnal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Whatww,r hd/t imq *cs;b( :-+ogj1ss2bra is the change in internal energy ( b;ssrsj dahcwq1 t/m*2bg,i:- w+roof the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic proces + tqyy8ybc4r x*8.kezs while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internalcykqe+.4 y8y8 *rz bxt energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wh) 8 gk fopezl-rci85y8at is the work doei8 cgp-l8f )oyr 85zkne?

  In an isochoric process, the internal eneusx;gxt;gx4m t4m0u /rgy of a system decreases by 50 J. What it xu; umx0/4g 4;sxmgts the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic5 r+tio-1khrf:y1 jzh gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much: fkrihht y1-1or z+5j work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of emzpzd 6xt.mon(*8b+0 4adc ix nergy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the ia0pnmt 6 dbdx x8zmz.4+o(* csample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water -iu2vj/ pr2 gsf1t p;cat $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J imm 7vioey g yoea+y ; bz*j-;w.joo3+7n each cycle. What is t-vay ;j*je gmyb7 o +z+ewomi3.oo;y7he efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and r cw (rhtcsp:t) .2xwp-eceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in eash(p)pcwcw-. x rt :t2ch cycle?

  A heat engine has an etm8(7xpz dnd g 9k :n,y6xb9oifficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycl 98x69tidkpyxbzdn,( ng:om 7e?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calc gv7 e88iuezv5ulate the efficiency of eagezev7 5i8u 8vch cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and19hl5c oy*xuh5mi.. jjds*ev exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate th e.s do*lm 9j1yix *5juch.h5ve work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following cha2xpydpxe167m(dso ,z,o b:q gracteristics: combustion chamber temperature s o:1 mxo,d p 2,6bpe7dyxqzg(= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charac4u3 u sr20 prnpagqw3uhe2e:5teristics: combustion chamber temperathr3nuuq0r 4 2g p32upe5:sewaure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follow 9;wheqhz 19fping characteristics: combusti9e 19fqhwh ;zpon chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric ky vh 2;xapm2dfith.c:*m 5;p power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant genef4rw-vj yzckn5r*1+t 4c i1btrates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. fk8z,t0wg3p+, uxo ryv.9xim The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates besa l o/i1wb4d l3*ppu)tween $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical effic10xx-zwzl4 7n ;mljc+-oxpzoiency possible for an engine operating betw01+ -;pl-zcznw x xx4lj z7oomeen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperau07 /mj yhg,w 4txgax,ture of the cold re,m04xyga 7 xwg ut/j,hservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweeg l93gla;am9 cn $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20u,4 5qwxja,tk kJ and ejects a ju4k,x 5wq,t24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator remov/igr0 k vqg :0:nliay 9d:xbx(es heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficieiqv:9 b0 l/k0rx ay(g::gn dxint of performance?

  During each cycle of operationo jg 22ml,-syo, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the roomjg yloo2m ,s2-. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 5r3r9j:d 2kkit9 0spo s0 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the l 3+mmv4 h/ug:h xl-u2sraoc9change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entro svrp0o3mys fv1zfb8 -ag9q1 cz)z,)spy changesmqs8y r93oc,))bs-zf sfzgv1z v1 ap0 by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at e-2z ask 7jga9mvi*:r*mr b: x$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.