The process shown on the T-V,6sq 8wqegw e :xv7zs- graph is an

  In an isothermal process,b3lsngym;-xd; i 7s/ x there is no change in

  When the first law ofq5;h pm/h8s pa thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vona)x,j+0c cl d5l-brs lume with no change in its temperature. This0cjxnlbcdr ),5-lsa + process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 52 9k:fxxn t2 vfnme;+g9sgsf L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanis2nv+x s te:f2mg nfg959skx f;m that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isothermalke.o3c90q,mtyh ;g ek process. The fi0qg;.kmot ,c eh93ek ynal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L +lta.8i6swx(o(eii y to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that ex(xa le.6tw8(iy+sioi panded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Dt ;.d 7kxsqc4yuring the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundi q dkty.s;7xc4ngs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynj8.k mcdrf0 j1amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is co*bbf:/+a vc yrezr0(p mpressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressurpe*a z:0cf b(+rb/yrv e of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in gwu /h0rl3v6c/m, unaall respects except that one contains a n6/0r /w,uhulcg3m v$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinder*d2y: mq ,tjurs of gas identical in all respects except that one containsur*2 qj:,tym d $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram iss1apj7sdh* 3h0ug+l /fvntl1iv- t0s an

  In an isobaric process, there is no cl bo5l r2e)rw7hange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,c7,q jawb8u8;sb y- u4:excum $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Thypl ;-8;uvadx 4i ch*kis procesku *pldyxh48 v;aci- ;s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample ofm2 5kz 5vx; in-q0/y wumxa;sh,q;x,phur(d y ideal gas at constant pressure. As a ;quuwmr (;s5pmn x;x,z-,xhd vyakq25yhi 0 /result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram yj5em+d x+2wnq8s:o tis

  In an isochoric process, the//)b/msi,r l- vauc qire is no change in

  When the first law of thermodo vg6zrrj :m,f1an ;y9.aai5 yynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expandd-u/) wvx8w ku as heat energy is added to it. This pr d vw)/8k-uxwuocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy :yny7b- )o/)cm :yero5- kquqodgw3k are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy omu)y)--yoq7eo:bcw:kg5n y od 3/q krf the gas

State the first law of thermodyna i6 (hrra/:(gaw za9ymmics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold re(6ym6,;otmd e5)i hzfys q5mlservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat fromn q0 eiw+8xh6 qp5b:ml.h.oqu a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according tjm99x6f fw 8jvo Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cyclex)l)d9vm cly.( mfj 3g, how much work immjgxy vl c3.(dlf)) 9s done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the wzzt3;8,r: gzkzk-zj*sgcca/d1 5hx ratio of

  If the theoretical effidl6jc9c cvq 2 far4s;;fp8a8 bciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink musjs; 9 8ccp ;fcdabq8fv6a42l rt be

  A Carnot cycle consists o ym9,g: jpile3a0jh 8wf

Give the Kelvin-Planck statemensv ew/wz *--vft of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a r da2jtez4 0xk0v*,t hjefrigerator is defined as the ratio o*e,0tza 4t dx2kjjh0vf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defw2fa do-w*4g4cnr 8fkra4aq 2ined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy ocz:* mx9ny qp;e/yd:ff the water

  According to the second6ew d 507p(kv6k topgp law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated systeme606vpp kdopg tk w75(, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statemen b/fc928ebnvf t of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads;pqyneiy-,4* n6cnl w us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rem xwip0gkea92a/zwjte61 8i t0oved from an ideal gas. What is paji6ew80t2 ga0i/1tk 9wxez the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rem37i7- w:rr u/poie s.t.ryfxq oved from an ideal gas. What is t 7ityerpwfx.3.rri s /7-ouq:he work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas n9(pmd;hhht.+ y a rkg-85xz fsystem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal eh h .ftg-am5nz8(yp ;9+dxk rhnergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is theu i/.wq yrtx4; hb3ak) change in.krtu y;w)hqaib/ 4 3x internal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing *k;lmq7pi2x e 25 J of work. What is the change in intern7k2 ;pime*qlxal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases -d v fax4g()ad)+g f keftv u.8i(ba d89atvz6by 50 J. What is the work done?4t.-xdtaa 86azf9 vdvb kif(ge) (f)dg vau8+

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of aak(/rkfr*d 8ixk d6 2t system decreases by 50 J. What idi f82axr6(k*r dtkk/s the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as itfhzq0twj pf3d .;(e3t is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How mucd3.j;t(f pzqf tw0e3h h work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy isga+a6cpgpw okgm0 kcu, 2d2y:h -a ,(y removed pc m6yaw2 0g+o:d g,uy p,2-khaa(gkcfrom it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg o304g:k qx hxttf water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives g7g bc 4p; 8kyi-cit)7fxrgl/ 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the7tbclg i rf/7gi4-pc 8);yxkg efficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of 3bnzu/zs(+ft heat per cycle. How much work does it/zzf ut( b3s+n perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficien: gmqvgahuj)yss r o/:nq8rc092 6.izcy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mu2.sgvmj/zyos qrq9 i :hngru8c):a0 6ch heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of x11sp:h96q3a (:i p da ounqqpheat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency oq1p psuadq1 noqpxi(3a:6 :h9f each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and cynoitgyh*945nma, 9rt 16 -zeyist 4 exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the erni59c4oit4yy - 6ya*tnmtgs1h9,z work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has th:5ra3c m agaf9)vmv m5e following characteristics: combustio m)93:a gfv5m rvc5aamn chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so nrb7y ejh7o. z5 77lv8wbm( kmfar has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tempelkv (.zbbh7j8ymr7 m7en7o5wrature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines bu+llg4*deq0hz ilt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chglezh40+ *lq damber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 602ivmn 4iks tz2u:3s 8m0 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Tuga cqi ko+cnq(rjm ,p:;cqnf 662 h73he plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The planxy:zl+jlvllv44 y;,f t uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which opea7z8m/vs1gm a f7kso5rates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical f:z(of s,mtvt1i ye4)efficiency possible for an engine operating betwef()t:e,m yiz 4ovt1fsen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempe6u nx 9 ci0gqt ay(:u50fd+hkjrature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the u f0j5a(ny+9 u6idct0hqk:xg hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwxae(477qalx +59kael0 ek ewween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the free9-/j* ttkn6cf d) r qlnasb6v (,(hiztzing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in n9*jt6sbraln tv(h,ic (d6t /-kq )zfeach cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the ra3b ye4 bu:qwroxl/vb-c+gy7 -te of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficieebvor--y/bgul 7+xy 43: c wbqnt of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a ref3y:be sbb:m) ge9kie8rigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required e m8ey: 9sb3ieg)bk:b in each cycle?

  What is the change in entrox4s3sf) . o 7sn4ibvvqpy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy ik1l d;a a590njpmyw09 vv rc,ms

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropifb0cwly . a)+y ca+yblcw )0f i.hanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 8fjx gbd.c 09i7 r+zsx$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.