The process shown on the T-V graph is57 *8d* eecf;wuzuso b an

  In an isothermal procesnv-n8fw j+ *jsamyaq) m81t e3s, there is no change in

  When the first law of -k8w /il rnj8 hk)2ufithermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twim0sg8dgwe482hj fq4dv1, l mpce its original volume with no change in its temperature. This lm,8e qd jh0 8g4mf4wvpg2ds1process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 okys rl8h zgzq34(:k-* s6gk bL. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the cha- goq lkk3zrysk(zsg*8 :h 6b4nge of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origijyx z*4ugk., rnal volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the gas,rkx u g*j.4zy

  An ideal gas is expanded jj,+ s+0ilx u+uypt :xa5sev-isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded- ,stipe:+vs + ayu lx0xj+j5u the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the +/.4nh xa4 -vnyafqzu event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process/h4 z xq4nu-.va+anfy is

  When the first law of thermodynamics,- o*bx4mn , r tb::y;e:vdloyt $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-halq 5z:xg)a * gf7dml yft;5mg(9xzvp f*f its original volume during an adad* f;)z5glmpt:m* q vfgx(7f9gx 5zyiabatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all xo5,v8 yilr/v bp 6)pxrespects except that one contains x5/6ylb,ppovi)v x r 8$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects 1(f)hnt3 cb-ji9*4 lflehjc bexcept that one containsnh-elbj f (icc*9hjb3l 4t) 1f $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the gn 1om :1ow2xjsvwx(pgi j2/) PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, t ck(u gd7*-abrj7mkw3here is no change in

  When the first law of thz;z/ 7oqupw i-ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is add bobsp*tkr- h0h9(, hjed to it. This process ph9(jbbs* h- rh,tk0o is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a s)mpedg7m rfp3)f) rrundz +lj7cn) 3 1ample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As)7uj m cmpzl) +n3)1pdrnde)3g7frrf a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram is b xug gb*d2o -s-(z+mx8no:cj

  In an isochoric process, there is no chanlkz,fz/t8 tv15s lp ;ige in

  When the first law of the x3.49hnyhcbcrmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container 1k6y+vor1vo-, (bmt9qn a 8vmqi qz2m that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This procesmamo,-o 8 vq nq(yq+i2 1vr tmv9b1z6ks is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample ou1l5q)o yb zj.f ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the intebyzuj1. ql )o5rnal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermo/6mlz vjgfh *f*lg.s;/fq a :idynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer hcjz2nvvb8cg; d37ny: eat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to tran,xa+fq8 gn iit55 7dqbsfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics accordingcyx :l57 ory7qo(ix7m to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. D o +d56)wd9unx6ux*x 2zffhoquring one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating o ow hxu6d +ndf5 ux26qxzf*9)on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rtoxz f su71h 1v*;ir-va dq:c,atio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot e9qo-t/* d qhjvwjrukr zi7 e*w9+.2 vzz*en -engine is to be 100%, the heat sink musrerhz-w.d2+v*/ozq- qzuvj *new t9*j7 9 e ikt be

  A Carnot cycle consists8 23cqh5t vsubtm4g)i of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyna ,v574q yv0x y.gxhljrmics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the rsi;f wd/;rgex xkkrf4)3 wj80 atio ofrref;3) fkgswwi 0/;k8xxjd4

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratiki z (ra+2hyb/o of

  When water freezes, the entropr* fmcc34p p5gy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for vzjfpx v1u7 eg9)yx 8w+e6 l 1w7wd5zyany process that may occur within an isolated 5v 1uj)zl v8w9zyf7 wx1d gey+6xe p7wsystem, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynavw 7zfce2k :+fdm8 omh7dk-a6 mics.

  The second law of thermod2wk dyr -dc)m4ynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.jw zn)rh+u g9s:xso6) 0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change io) rz w:jgxs+hn)69us n internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whz(8 (mi.avj0cy jicb68d *dkjat i d vi( 0.d6(mjk8yacijjz8 *bcs the work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What icg+z:5, v szfis the change in internalz:+,iv zsg5fc energy?

  200 J of work is done in com o)1 mbg;z xh;g(hfx1ypressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal zbhx 1 x;yg( h;o1mfg)energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doinga5 ou5tqu9pi5 25 J of work. What is the change in internal eneo5at9 iupu5q5rgy?

  In an isochoric procer) r6cup lbu(zv-1k1hss, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the kh)v6-u1b1zu prl r(cwork done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. x:4jxi adomdi* rf8n3)gna2x * nc 2h8What is the4 ox:xjhf28r* x cnmia*n )23gni8dad heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as p e/2qm 3: (uky)q3xdejbou2oc- tv) xit is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the o(-mq3:teupu3) y jox2)/ qcx2bdvek gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant -7x ftrwn+3uw uzd o5+volume when 831 J of energy is removed from5 -wz7 un+utx3r odfw+ it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 2qm ,xb.tlxf.r n -p-nl j0)t. ianje.kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What isbyl 3+zy1:uv 7:mupg1f dyqq4- :vhgs the effis7h1vu l:yvzd gu:bq q43 -1+gpyym:fciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiee ryl*4hh:*to:xfn eh*7 *-q *cfcdlnncy of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perforn**fqo ydh4te:: fl-r c7** ecnlhx*h m in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyclc0t)q- q rx 7uv)zk0rke. How u0zrk vq)c7) -tr0kx qmuch heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each w;f 5cbns:3xo cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of w nxs3c b:of;5each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eac 4nyxuc +5sk;dv4r u9hh cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work d5nyck4u+r u x4vs;dh9one each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hepy6m*:.y e2 mvy4 wtsas the following characteristics: combustion chamber t 46mmv2 *:y.ywt peeysemperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most effictq2*mdgt(3b j j58s ssyjmp .+ient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatu5gstp j.jd8js m3*qsmybt2(+ re = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines b9db 6t3b0lsm quilt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatutd9b63 bqsml 0re = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elec f vyfd0t76b:wwkrv;t.hdihrxukp22 h s:)97tric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generatetny 6h qji:j/v 1:t.qns 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uag1 anja 6zkgcb ::n6-ses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which ope*c n+e)y g4nrvxz4k ,dnt-kc6 rates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical effik+j+klfg:ybu0vt1 3 k ciency possible for an engine operating between+gbvyfu:3j0l1kt k+k $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is tk3v8;qk ki 8pvhe temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoirikq8kkpv3; 8 v is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwery p(u7v40jrg3 mkk u,en $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ .lf+kc 2.acf xand ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is.f+f k2lc.c ax required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 3aufp/le . 4se3t nr,rkJ and elprn4e 3t/a,s ru3f.ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator 0gmbotw* +n4 vabsorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work inwong* 4 mtb+0vput is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of icv tiu0 x*oe)0mqh ,zs,e melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy i b2n4ke1.3z5x smbi eduk/f6htm -(a ns

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas t0jho1i+jnm *a, : jsdr 9uoss68ewq6at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropq t16s 06e u,jsi:9*jjawo hm+no8drs y changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at )rhtryit4n(0 ++ky - ufzi y/8 fzfdv($80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.