The process shown on the T-V graph i qw(vthc xwh(/6m.p.ys an

  In an isothermal process, there is no changjpepnk in;p8xv; :(:yq6 ei(5uwu3hle in

  When the first law of thermodynami ki8nuoj0(l0g cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volc1t)ig:u:a3 k fhxg+bo bo.-tume with no change in its temperature. Thisfug :.hxiao:)+1bt- c3bgt ok process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30v16:-ug srkod L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chansuv6o-g1k d:r ge of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-halyhz ee)lij 7- 5ytgsf e-:,ps9f its original volume during an isothermal efyj :9) h e7-5gszi-t pley,sprocess. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isoth1d5g 0y qbq*tgermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following st 0q tgqgb*y1d5atements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the eve8u ypc g38z) di1-cyt dc(v*vqnt, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. Thiv-yd yz 31 u8cvp)t8*dqc cg(is process is

  When the first law of thermodxx1 gf;/jqld3i 9x-ajlx-t;*3vdl u sdgn c-+ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compregex jz.g6ht yndd 0 c*at;-)4ww7au:issed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic protehxa dy; u4 c)0g6jg:*iwzdtawn- 7.cess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respect -s/ygy wpbk:*/ oq(ozs except that one contains -/q ys:oz k b/ow*gp(y$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas id1a5 oyk,7 i8 f9yxemrientical in all respects except that one containsoi 1 ex5kfy9r87my, ai $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is 7 9rxx6mauqj;c3 e(ugan

  In an isobaric process, there is ndy7qcij 3- d0qo change in

  When the first law of thermodynamk/knsg5w ddlyq)3n 8;ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it..y5sc)b -tf: l9jx suk This process ix5j.syf:s)k l9ctb u- s

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a. +cbqf44hu ab sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internabq4a b.h+4 cful energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PVb- i lv7ca3cp3 diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no o os.x6c v1 p/8wne,xxchange in

  When the first law of th9i xgpkd40 ;se2yb az(9 ds.bkermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand aj+bdn85sofq p 2 4+vgss heat energy is added to it. This s +s8 nj+po2fbg dq5v4process is

  Ten joules of heat energsq ( l 8;mphz 8vb;.dtxvix6dx,m3*vry are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the inim8.dv*; 6lt8bv3q vdxzxh;sm p(,r xternal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamicsf:w sl8y09s if.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from yv poyd /(a 1hu-dhfuy1e u5:)a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to tran l 0*hikmknng4+q*.cq u 3;vzgsfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of cxgod-xqn.0* n 9-hbt thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustratu lmq g50 38puuk :zcdq,,pqz+yhw3k *ed here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this czg,l:83muyq z3 hc+u0u5d,pw*qpk k qycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as th wu:ub5e );spaw2rh6me ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is -ajgqnl e/ q6nh2w-5hsm;j a8to be 100%, the heat sink must be asm-6h8ewaq n2ljgjq/5n; -h

  A Carnot cycle consisf;mssnodri5( . df50d ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamr pt0upgcs6 (4ics.

  The coefficient of perforku9ggt6+f;i ;gc i .ummance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofit6c i.;ug;k9f gm+ug

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat va7z ,oi+izx6 pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of u p(oxq0 mmsad-3 09rzthe water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process tha fnv63ef:ma t*t zdhf2g t0)n0t may occur within an isolated system, which one of thf zf nh32tedt0t0m n6vgf:)a*e choices applies?

Give a general statement of th;q:*x9 b dlcg39cjjspe second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thddm u)y+3 )9c7f unkx m(lup8eermodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of h(xm 874 ois5h )vgoqqgeat is removed from an ideal gas. What is thsomx )7 hgoqv4i85(gq e change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal prrk)l2loj.g*n ;e 2pj (p na2urocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in th*onrnge2lpk;2upj(2j r a.) l e process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is k39 p (oszp.ds-400 J. What is the change in interns9d pso3z (pk.al energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabkq7x 2-ytzb5h8 7 v v.hb-bqwnatically. What is the change in internal energ5qbhq vvzh bwx ky -tb27.7-n8y of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 2sb) d tt1m6ck+5 J of work. What is the change in inter6ct)+mbd t1 ksnal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system 6njqit .xzm ocgz1kf8876a: hdecreases by 50 J. What is the work dmk:.zhonc 8q7 z f6x8g1tj 6aione?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. ju ,h( jwd +z5--hbzmaxx3*edWhat is the heat exh dz,x (bjh -*-zuw mxdae+j53change?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at c+ex m07cuis 7s+l;mv/z 3 vs0f;tiirconstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K.sm0v7i3 i+ml; /xc0stfu+ resviz; c7 This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of ene 2dinvm4x:p: m2 zbp5nci5dh p.-umv; rgy is removed from it. How many moles of gas-p .dipmp n u:i;254 zv:h bdmc25xnmv are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kxc2u4iis+uf i8fi 0u/g of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cya pev 65z*ewi7*5v8 ziknkks6cle. What is the effi* z 7w65evs*nzkev ikp5i8k6aciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives w7w z:9tpj4cf 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cyclet fw4j7 z9pcw:?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% andh)l;gj 8fy5mr z im5z9 receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much hfyz5 9)i 85lgrm;zjm heat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cg tc) y ben1ivfur:09(ycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cycvrt9:fneyiu g0 c1(b)le.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cybt1qtu)q6)+ pjr ho7 ycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work dotthpjb )ryqoq+)7 61une each cycle.

  One of the most efficient enginri l,z02xg.xnes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature 0 2l.rng,ixzx= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far h:)l5-rnk 2wiojip cfca2jt27as the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatun5fi i 2r7w:jk) 2pajl-ctco2re = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engyb9wezi acqc: ,hm*-4v yj/fg q6v.0*wm7se wines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperv9fhwc 6.:7ie4jbz*-eg*qww am / yvymc,sq 0ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elec 8wvo zd,lb yjzq5lh(n21ul j2/l7,sjtric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW e;vmlc,u. o, 7vq f y2whvkv4o.iq98mof electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electrc48l,( wmcrcy ic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine q3tlwx2pgc9)0pdvx:a8 /so y which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possib.tympa5glwoi 1yw /tn,)oo :4le for an engine operating betwel., 4n/y yw15p:wtiot)ga oom en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot el p9la-pu,3njngine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the coldja3l p9p n-,lu reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatis3hcf1ay .*5q .e fyxtng between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJktt r;wl9jhqw::l4/vu3e s 1 v and ejects ;:9qtwlw 4sjvh: kuvl 1e3rt/24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at thrvsbe ) q0*vu7fnmi, /9lk 3cke rate of 20 kJ and fuli)vnk/cb0r 39 v qk m*7s,eejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operatioxy-+a 4y (ib0(f;vk h(kgurkr n, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?r i+b( yykgu kk;((v0-ax4frh

  What is the change in entropy when 50 giv7b,7ssv73rjgx ah, of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, thea,jp)g/e c hw. change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expator 8e.m. a6ymnsion and its entropy chm yma..68 eotranges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at i67it17 o ,dzcip:7c dj(eycn$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.