The process shown on the T-Vc)t(c57n ozoy yl)5ml graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is nob/ts3n d,7* e hwatq4eq2sj4 k change in

  When the first law of thermop rzq vzgw 9-9qdu,,tb36ym +u6yu0q ydynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no cpwime7 c( 3boz :et7z3hange in its temperature. This processwbec3z7 7 mpo z(3ei:t is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 9+b cstf)scm t.)v(oy 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that comprt+bysco()f 9. cm)vstessed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an ihd ot9cfa, pao;lq +3.sothermal process. The final pressure of;of .o,apt9d3ahcq+l the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L towg; x3n6er e c(5.dqqd 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the extern.3 rqdwx ;e 5ngdec(q6al mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment.1r 5guma 0t//7 g 1qidfvbrw,b During the event, the gas exchanged no he1a5ubmrg7vr t /dbq/w0, gfi1at with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami3qmu 77h yq6jmcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original voluh xmpl )y:-j(786rj:grpx hsxy6nc0s me during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of th0rjr) 66 :gx phsxyjnl m8x-phs:yc (7e gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical i )z-lvc yc:c.dn all respects except that one containsvdc-yl cc): .z $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas ibi:-gdwmhdj;n1 g0:p) je f 1odentical in all respects except that one contains i:1o; gmb0hp)ddwf- n1:j egj$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on theq)bay6qjr) wc : 2c+ac.l3u+j.uq dma PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric procesko5vs b0wt42g s, there is no change in

  When the first law ouqyi ,m1)l(ur6ml2 fv f thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constan)f, w7yje05pi wr/tmrt pressure as heat is added to it. This pr me0p7 tfr)i,wj/r5y wocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of g,, lm +jvv6sfideal gas at constant pressure. Asl m+f sv,6j,gv a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the uxo+5 fnd .2j o.gy6slPV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chai* n:kp rnnd 2)cd,2bange in

  When the first law of th+b scjn9w2zt16,b8dwop ec,r ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid contai; x4ue sfpkwwrg.d.7 uk 5:7giner that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it.7df kir;uex.uw7 k5:s 4pwg.g This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at consta-pck; twb7) f8re5c otnt volume. As a result, the internal energy of the5t f-;wpoke)tc8r 7c b gas

State the first law of thermodynat ,w kfafi3q wgn0/v-;mics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a co)s qh)0 m,yg+cvwo6c,my :8q vompfo4ld reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a h6 ;p+phjl0 wvec cqu-x k*lm12ot reservoir?

State the second law of thermo2 tet ty:- pksdcpv/41dynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During ot :p,y+m q3qwozu p*w-ne cycle, how much work is done by w :pqu ,pow zm*-3t+yqan engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ra:vx kp f2x+p9ptio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, thpuok+shv f,)m n4w9)5men9ii e heat sink muevmo9ihp5)9wmi )k n4fs n,+u st be

  A Carnot cycle consists odz+rvu62 xu:0ad s yl/f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the sotz- -f5r,u euecond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COk pm5, 1iha(dbP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofa5hbpi 1k dm,(

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the raevowp5;ap -a h)/gqa )vl09qbrxp5a )tio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wj;p.pk-o -otr6x5 cs fater

  According to the second law of thermodynami1 4y husjkms.5cs, for any process that may occur within an isolated system. u1y mss45kjh, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamics.b 9l2ow: m4kpv

  The second law of thr- gsuf3; krue,pv 0w)ermodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideacnjde0ui8d81j.5sy n1.i gsll gas. What is the ci1usns0 8dd8gej 5.jy.c1nilhange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed fro 8 39syoe s3yp8dc,xrtm an ideal gas. What is the work done in the proc8oytx9c3 yres ,3sd p8ess?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -40hx3r(ukz r1et7jgk ; y+esq4u:a 5awf7 h )jg30 J. What is the change in interwq ah1s;33te:7(gkrj+ r)zy k j4ghfue57uxanal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressh) ef t29tqn2eing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in ente h2q9)2tfinternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process whilem*, )p,wlcer,vfcr ;o doing 25 J of work. What is the chapcec; r),,f,lo* vrwmnge in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases bu l wf/p1drjutx9vm1v stl*n-v-) y:-y 50 J. What v:ls v l ptwfx1rm*u9-/ 1dv-y-n t)ujis the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases 5+r-bfc n9kph2bep n4by 50 J. What is t n5bcn9- hfe4 +b2rppkhe heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a moiu 2/ s-*nl)a+ r)w0djt h h-jocaiq 65,mijdmnatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. Thj) jm0dqih )a +w- d-j/isarcl,n 562uto *mhiis feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of egs 9ayjmb8;b85w* jbq nergy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the samq jw*8j mbsgya9bb;85ple?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg o3tfi gt d:.bh yek4acrr60g83rh 2ey:0rwn1 e f water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3iey0obvuytxw6wo c4 v+ 045t+000 J in each cycle. What is the effiew oc+0vy6xywbv t04+t o 54iuciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency ;oydx)/i fsw*f qz+/iof 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mu/)wy/o qz+d xi*;s ffich work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 3,yfr9aqf oia j)-z(av qm8i ,85.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much hio f zvq,y),8- qa 9j(8imarfaeat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal ot spk,vtr; q:/gfp :8hf heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of each cycltkt vqsfp :; gpr8:,/he.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat eaomva bz ch0gy,p (c,si) evblp( n7m 6,d4s8x0ch cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each 6spn8 cym b0)s,v,xgc 40 zlh7v i(eaodpb,(m cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followiv p2pi ld,f 5g0(*doqfng characteristics: combustion chamber t2vfo0 f5i( *lp dpqdg,emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficibk()) dr,mcmgent engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperat mm)kd)r (,gbcure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines builtaot(m fkl2kw98x:4x 1/sic oy so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temfcx1:ms 8t o 2lkw(i9/okxy4aperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant g.g0bail /tc.aa s.b1 penerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. ch-ygdo7c0a4 g)g pm ;The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genera4cmoa kn72k1ates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiencltvd,ww6 i p(/rnd 6j8y of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine-v-sahmd 2 sf( operating betw-ss2vm -(adf heen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.ekr(ykc g/d02j eun5 10%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the tem5/nj 0kud1(gre2cky eperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwee q-4yfd ek+y(op/l9r 1jljx,m n $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of1/f ,cv cj9mis 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per,j9ic1smf cv/ cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at th hjx62t2o (sf,/vqz kf-gyq8 ve rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. Wkvfq/g os 8v2ht q,y6jzxf(-2hat is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat fjv8i5lms - 4kkrom the freezer ands8ljk5mv4-i k expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g / wz6oq sq+r1l+gx7)e- mmieuof ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freez5/epc2pv1f ry es, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expvi m ru;4rc7 x2g-/qyx+ nm2h0um zg*b+ub.eyansion and its entropy changex e0* /uu.mh 4qgrig2+;2x-b7zcrm+bmyunv y s by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at :/)9eu1egng,,, uzlh 0mri*dnx1m ejcson3z $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.