The process shown on the 0pfe 4i/r; cagT-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is ncqb-vy4hztq qg/e dnp +q3, /*o change in

  When the first law of thermodyn7 s*tg6,4ldi fu7.urcglg k-b9lp9i damics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its oi1bvevq ,c7+ (lafaz;r xf /c8riginal volume with no change in its temperature. Tri a7 fvb,vace/ f1;qz8cx (+lhis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed iso2m(-q/ob 9 jxm au3:wsq-x ebtthermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gosq2/ejb9wqtuax (-m3 b- mx: as?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original vo 7 usli+ocw/+1 wm;cmg-6)6yfbnq ssplume during an isothermal process. The final m6c;w1)+p sy7 cmn s+s uq-l6gwbiof/pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expand.gyx6xe 6/zujzbie1z(7rp z4ed isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expendexr6y(47e iuj6xzp1 gz/be.z zd by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed iasrj 7 r+6yah ;w 5st6nc-: u,dp/rgwyn an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundina yr/-rsc arn675uw:j;pgws, h+ ty6dgs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics9 b3*5vqsch6a i u;anrkg)o: a, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is vs,f7sc c(lvtc o p *ud9;x+3acompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The f spcc3lvfo,u*cx( tds va7;9+inal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all resprvkhlk* ;ktsy/x +x2 3ects except that one contains 2 kk t;yl3rskx+ hv*/x$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas s1hyx0rbi 6h s(pk5:ew t .d.zidentical in all respects except that one contains e p wi0ts.6 : hhzsx(kdb15yr.$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram i2pd as;8kwo kgs0 bu-0cmz2)as an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chanv i 8cz.bh oyivj 4ob,j;:pt00ge in

  When the first law of wby45-(fr 5i+n zydzz: tp;ce thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at conssq67gaz 8xven 3 23;/dwgujf stant pressure as heat is added to it. This process 6gx/2 asqdsvnwg 338z7j;feuis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferrcx96oxn d 7h(b8/licued to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the bcxi/lu8(n do6cx9 7hinternal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagrw( txa9z1b2kb am is

  In an isochoric process,q:wp2gzps/d xm, , kc5 there is no change in

  When the first law o0 l pczq.l2 mm3)1guo2ep4j rlf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid con70(0z(ct mrc b8:h jdp-xfmu etainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Th7b0(t0 -r8jd (hmm :cxfezpcuis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred njpd2; c( 3dphto a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result,;(pc2p j 3ddhn the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics.;)6e z9evvhu6o*d7fvd0u pg h

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reserv n. 0pzy,edydsih,d:d )2/ cyooir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to sk6pc-,s d7ekml 5l 7ma hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynambz+ x/gl 4twc/ics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. ) u- i(8alrplpn4h u0c During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating onap i un-lcu4 8h()lpr0 this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat d)qen- f-c:vbjw9(u v engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical e. u3s ow1+2ixvcz 9b ul:s,ovffficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink musvuv 3wuf:,l29 z1cxos os.bi+t be

  A Carnot cycle consis+pp b* .k, pho5h8ethuts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second lk vj9 k xdrb2ik4;60hwpaf8ab 41 a3olaw of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is def .o x bric 2wn).qd;7*jvknt:uined as the ratio ofn vji c.t;u.oq:wd7n2x k*b)r

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as t *7g8yl 5mr7xmctd8bm5ms:e t he ratio of

  When water freezes, the ew1iv8c9wz736gu- **lrcje oxz ex ko8z )q:hdntropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics9t+gsr8o.sm qmpa:3 l, for any process that may occur within qm8a :.loms+g 3rtps 9an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamicj+ g f+hu33k gb2o)sbcs.

  The second law of thermodynamicl m cz 2yx1k4pbdvw8:;s leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ide4k kvoov+z4+.hfz d f3al gas. What is the change in internal ene.f z+okkf43+hvzd 4vorgy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of hel n0jj -8af.llat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the procesfnj0-. jal 8lls?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Whcth/i hx9 gd o;z6yw80at is the c tx09z6dhoi/ ygh 8wc;hange in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compre2)qvqv iv+h 01 o s,ecmi5du*ga:fc3rssing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy o+3,)i r:0f2qeuc v dvcvq1*s ihgma5o f the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process w n(q1s2v) 55tfly zpmehile doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal enpnz yq1l5te)fv(5sm 2ergy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy o/ba1f z gea/p7f a system decreases by 50 J. What is th/z/ abf7eg 1ape work done?

  In an isochoric process, the inte6:ri udcsaa /du 8w xws95f9:drnal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is: 69/rxc8wwui5f :9 su daadds the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is mainta6pg a do;y3:teined at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J o 3eg yto6p:d;af energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is/rhvt4x z*)yw removed from it. How 4hw*x/y rzv)tmany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg t)llz l( -l a:gn w4zl6)rn6taof water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cyozk0dx j :u;3ycle. What is the efficien; xku0 oyz3:jdcy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.))fycw81(r ltol ob-j: gx 3nd0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perx8 )nywb3) gr:-c lotdolj1( fform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rec+lc qzau/n9 3 i/qjg/2dsa um6eives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhu asqj/g6 n9 amc/du3+2q/il zaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaustslgvi7p bp+ f3)/4cv3p7bqkrn 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency of pblvbg/ic+ 7p3 f v73 )nrk4qpeach cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of nqksu415/* niilczo 776yv yx heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyvi /65yz7* knqx4ny71losuiccle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fonk4 xevz6.e; allowing characteristics: combustion chamber6a.en; k4 evxz temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficiee0ku vv: f9 pjvaf-3(by5m ,btnt engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion (,f3tf0by-vkp :vv ua5 ejm9bchamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following char9y jcid5/z/j :brky-nacteristics: combustion chamber temperature = //y9jj- in5yzd kbr:c $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric powei*2ys9l r+zkxr. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 aw;f * :t(9+i-cp tj hs4gziipMW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant gendn:u.- itdx93izkw,e q5 6e:-loyff u erates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which oper jlx*y zs (6r)(fe3rfuates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an en( jp3fqy ql7tc t-es7:h9l 8vmgine operating betwl7hv87(le:9qy f mp-sqt3c tjeen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempe:;q,mqo9 sst yrature of the cold reservqoy,9mqss; :t oir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwwwr t:jd7 zl-3een $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat fr(1dj;ax 1:1uiziotzp om the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is u1jd1(p tzao i:;xi1z required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rateirv6 xba4*6c ue w9q/3.bym ot of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient *39r b6yabcw .vi oem/6tq4 xuof performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 l(ex0 rjwp(1 d 2ile (7efes(kJ of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. Hp e0s(7l( edk2 rxejil(we(f1 ow much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice mel /q3n2lh6w kuvt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, tm),jwhz rvf5 zl9f(b0he change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas 8f9l(w shxhnkprq x,+*o)sb3 at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changq9on3p *x)rhh(sxwf 8,+ls kbes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at jl f i ui/i,vcqzuzi;92-zi-- $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.