The process shown on t/;wi3 gzwv 7ne :-g3u tjvup,phe T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no chag 1gq-2 g.vstgnge in

  When the first law of thix5xodw+hm uz,0n7xr *q 8vi+ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its*b e0xo1 *wlcz temperature. This procesb o*czl0we 1x*s is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During thiswtq.6 f-o 4pop process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by o.4 qp6pf o-wtthe external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-hals )f8,pi hy9l wb:( pxhuh2u*2rdk2taf its original volume during an isothermal process. Thepw2 yk)t9i:, l8fud2h uas hr( bp*2hx final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Durbtey n tg,;s*;ing this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that;t*y tb ,sge;n expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed if)a0k*n *-l; rj52k wmjkcugkn an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heagk)jfkj l2-*u* ;wmn ckrk50at with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law off3-w12 wepp0n dx1s eu thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during anp4a2qco 3q96r+g r u-masnv6n adigrq4 c69+2q6m pv3 nra uanso-abatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical5oz )d)( 5uqx s;y.x6vc*nllxvashb7 in all respects except that one contains;a ns)dsh7*x5vxxcuzvl q.yl 5ob( 6) $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders o ppnze)*z /s/af gas identical in all respects except that one containspzpen /azs/*) $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is an 77, zg,0pj gg00 gygx(azddbf

  In an isobaric process, there i, 0*bahfr osqz:l( a8 :x gmyu-)5mydts no change in

  When the first law of thermodyjr 4ffq3df4 ee 0h1vhp-r)v8f- t+px jnamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at s;a jvc w3)zj k69dma-constant pressure as heat is added to it. This proces mzwakavs 6d)j-c3j9;s is

  Ten joules of heat ened vlbi5(ov nv h1a81n)rgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, theiv8l)1 navb ohn(5v1 d internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram8h32vngu ojd* is

  In an isochoric process, (z ba35g* lb,clh 9zdg2(kiwi/ y he6hthere is no change in

  When the first law of thermo 5phn. y7pyyh+0(ximjdynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container thaij e ur-rt 96oyz.2d/ma: +) c ii-g(ias9ftlmt cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process-(daas2jf.i: mu t9/grl)e i+ i9zc6-yimrt o is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal to5vp.q.n+c j 2ab)jl gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal tj.pnob a+)2.5jqvc l energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodyu /vuio+9x p)dnamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot rese y c:fyhm04o,crvoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservox0dgq a3b p)i6kfn,7nir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Cladc jf zx6cv4bz0/n,2 vusius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Duringj5kj. v6 xg k*s,iv-lv one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this jsk 6giv- k v5xl,*vj.cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as thev ,w3;wca: vkg ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 5ju; h z5 8wvnt4kzi9e100%, the heat sink must zzvu 5t k5eiw94 nj8;hbe

  A Carnot cycle consiuxh( l5*kzwr(r z(.masts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law op6lv7rl;)dstpj9/b)pkcj7v :m2v td f thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP)e- 6cwx 2;fz. f 68iidxis)zwa of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o2ci6;iaf-d8s xef x w)6z.wizf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defimj5*i3w-9or +fdpdr /r t ld)tned as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate 0)no9nlr-ezm*d;k i wr

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, fm 5.p o:1ncfkzor any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choicm1n.c:f5ko pz es applies?

Give a general statemd fwzi2j/1ep 2ent of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of therm;(gdl:s**pt4mc e sh :zprzcne( +j8aect c*2odynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. i(h-v:ic qwlyz9q 4 2cWhat is the change in intc(9h2v iy l4 :z-qqiwcernal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is re p8;ioz7grhxvse,a57: xn g5jmoved from an ideal gas. What is the work done nr,p ggax5v77 j ih o8x5;z:sein the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isxrsg-x9 8mz 7l hfz2f/othermal process is -400 J. What is the ch2 7hsxf/mfzl89r-zxg ange in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in c39nz u,iv(bibslv 3w+ompressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in inte b(wis9l3b+, zn3v uvirnal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25(2 2gith9 +kydodff f, J of work. What is the change in internal enokf, 2(f9ht gifd+y2dergy?

  In an isochoric process, thisa 4(wh/pgcifp6+l )m:we6x,b aqe7e internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work do64 p emcagilsq h:)+wwfi6xepb(,a7/ne?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreasesei)60m.vpmxuk a6hyc 8 nly13 by 50 J. What is the heat exch 0mcu 6iv.18 yk pa36ml)xneyhange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at com7ex)k7yh +cfu6 6 j; 5xcafhxnstant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is donc5jcfe m6;y6f7hx xhk+xu 7 a)e by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of enerwp9 ,:eskk8xrh n(r (dgy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the samplwkds9(r np h:(e,8 xkre?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg arr *-u rd5xui: 0fudqa1x,;kof water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat nrzqr7 .v t(r t6df pm80wi3/xand loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficied0tfqxw(6 /.n3 rrp z 7vtri8mncy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat p, md igkr9)lv86 -jtw bwz/9pier cycle. How much work does it pergz6/vmp9dii b)krljw ,9w8-t form in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35vgw 4up zp 5;.9*md3nk,u (m ctwnbp6l.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cyclzt4umb.p*w n k3pwpnu;l m5 6c(,d9vge?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kca 5( c ps owek11tsvzk1q1f8n5jl. Calculate the efficiency e kk5( p1zojs 8 tf511w1vsnqcof each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cmi r+bkvr+ y w5 q+maqkp6z)33 h6kxq7ycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the wz kp3qxq)hma56 krr+6w3bimvq7+ +kyork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hnzam/ v gw(k*7as the following characteristics: combustion a/wnz7vk(gm* chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the folll9xqd ibs0 85aowing characteristics: combustion chamber temperature x 5q9asbd8 0il= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so filw o0kj 61xb)ar has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature =10woj lxi6)kb $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 60(vkk sb nx) n; re- 8tc;y9yc6mmwfw*40 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric poweo:v+:xk/py 4jofv45wef3 c tf r. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Thpd6rz zr2hp7 0e plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency obic13 xw ;wka4f an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating bcpa/9*+g3fookt-znx)fr:c z mjl *;l etween p-j zc+fzmog: *9t o3)c n flr;l*akx/$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is2h- ufk( r xfl nai:3d a)1ybrm16c1sq the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir ism-1 brn)a 1dxfl16 chirfqu:2s(y3ka $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatdvitb2o j )l( r.2pu5uing between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removekdr-bosz(nuo j98 0- h8c1zvp s heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in eachz9(1 o8pnk8vus bd- rz0oc h-j cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmod9 ,tsb/hy:v esa72eent at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into, 72e h/oa:y9s tsdevb a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operant. q eaz igx8o;t(uc y-+l47ction, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels qx4l;ozyi +7etctuc8a(n-.g 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g m 9:cjwd6tx,rof ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezeb1q3s4 sd3gj2ekwyc*s, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion ano0bk i-gqwwd6 :z 93ted its entropy changes ebdi9ww3t-koq6 :0z gby
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ,azipb-kc +5 es7 xl(z$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.