The process shown on the . ji3eiq5q*ncT-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there ;d q0m),:msjxnq, px zd/ r.znis no change in

  When the first law of thermodynm)tjmc /c 12ou ;b6;(tjhwtpfamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its--erw l1c8we(+rmxfju 7o4vl temperature. This prev -f1l4wcxueowj-r(r8m7+ locess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Duri r zf:nnyw,z: /j;92esa 6eotdng this process, 6.0 J of energy is e zn ;r::9z,d2njef ot /6weyasxpended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origina37kfmsb ,zp6y w i1uve ,*1ndkxwy2zg)r-vh7l volume during an isothermal processv*7zn7eg6yi b wyskw2f z,,-mh)uv1x3 kp1rd . The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. e j1iw5fp8eg;During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism tfj1e ge pw8;i5hat expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During theupxm 4. ouq d5--jkix2mpd5.t event, the gas exchanged mxu-25 . .dpkoq-uxjd ptm4i5 no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamic+p bjwi43he o2s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its 1e,fc,o(bru j u -p7ilzr+of/znai 04 original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the gaslano 4,0,-irr7 1o(f uf+z/b iejz ucp

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in a1tb4w )-+akhm.m2mg wtwq:z cll respects except that one contains tw ) wt.1-zm+4mmqkbw2:hc ga $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of7qjw ;-ksuvrfu p72o) gas identical in all respects except that one containsf-o7upk; wuj q)rs72 v $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagramzpwq2nv2 d(q; is an

  In an isobaric process, there issb5 .u m4pw vo-1pya*a no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamiu hjt*nlo+- .t*7zy/lym 0i5 nj (vpgqcs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to qm*.6 2vytweo-9ysehexpand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process io m*-6yh2.eevw tyq9 ss

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a s**l qs*,bw fsfv::ni(ldh2a t ample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of thfltn sbisw2*h vf*a:l d*:,(qe gas

  The process shown on gnfp 0q uqspa3)hu31m+5, ), repkpazthe PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is ,kpcl4fbzc i4xo h 6-/no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, 5i8lt2pk5bjb;dz qy 0 $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid cond ojq0ig.:hu 4 p2.dhztainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to i.gid0 .p:hj2q4huzd ot. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at cons.kr ,9fl1 ztrbxi.u ulphh+ 2-tant volume. As a rh ixbz upr2l+1fu htrl.. k,9-esult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thfuw az.. 5rib3rb 0qe 0dol2jpua *4jwo,.2eaermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a .)evs7x (m;cgm b9+tno*,il mc(apflhot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir c 87jp2q .iy2kqj ur6xto a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics accortfc o4(omr7 :,lwp9ix ding to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one ,o 3 +d6sf86 jerh1aoba8 eouhj)k 4eocycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on this cycle? o 13hfj b,)h 8reeoo6+o4adas 6k e8ju

  The efficiency of a heat engine 0f+msei eukn gc/j4 q* 2v:5ecis defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical effi v:sfwcu*6 lxp-p wz q4.l+-hrciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mu-4x v-wlr +zu6pqf psw.h*c:lst be

  A Carnot cycle consistsf z1 *)pott6nc of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of thqkq n+5c);ama s9f5zw e second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as t ,nuut6wub. id x+1y4ohe ratio ob6i1+n ut ou,wuxy4.df

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pw.yl ;yt,.w shump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wateun(cwi k 3-ao2z: 7t0rj,cfy lr

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that ms uau3i:kv ,/lziwr,4 ay occur within an isoari3:wul4zk ,siu /,vlated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thddh j7 gdzeh1z9jh ,; dhcf,3)ermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to concl+pj xv1xy8sm: 2gld2v+ t. jwjude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of t8p/px50wn rqewrh69 heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is thh8/p5qrwe tw0p6r n9x e change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J6nn+mek6k nqn +wxc: 1 of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the qk n+mnnnk6x:+6e w1c process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What npr om kgu z:17q(xws0l6-)(m7aaa3 0smdbhk is the change i6h( lg7s7qa)m0 zmxbopsu kw3(:-d0r1kan man internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. m7jr *ro i:b4jubz32n What is the change in inj2r z:bj 4nb om7*3uirternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic processl yd9yz/*gvhr5)s61 xrinew. while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal engle9sxw)*1y6 znd.r 5ryi/vhergy?

  In an isochoric process,vxj3)5qk vq +p1nc 1hv the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work done?)5qhpxv ncv1v 3k+1 qj

  In an isochoric process, p* .u.cs mjwu,the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heas*w m.,.cuu pjt exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume a/ t :k ,dq qz(okslih6:x/6pogs it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work io(6xh:l6sto //kp qzg, kqid:s done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K atr8g,3yjkuh/b jb uk *c/z-5q k constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How u -cbj/yk,ukg3*r8z h/5 jqkbmany moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 khdpf3 /rwzc; vs 25u0wg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cxqbsmiw. 07c4 :o9l-79f rbzsnjo k e7ycle. What is the efficien.77 rqb-oomcxlnbe0zi ws9 ksj 4 79f:cy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% andur 6el/1hfsn( receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much (f nlh1esu/ r6work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives y qh .m;gvh9wtiy39+l150 J of heat per cycle. How much he g9myi h3 qvh9.tyl;w+at does it exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat e8- +d jmxj nbj9;4mmadach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiencj mmd 4-janmjxd+b9; 8y of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64px7 ;m ni2ishy q2xc05 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work 0x ii7cshyp2x 5nm;q2 done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines bc /x47z w/uk2upt7ntbuilt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperaxu u7zw7pk4n c2tt b//ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has 9ldfyx:4km db(791:vpyime a the following characteristics: com ey4di xamp7l99 :kdb1f(y:vmbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hj.y hsen4 5+ywn dv3f0as the following characteristics: combustion chamber .4j3 nnfh5 0dyvs +eywtemperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of e9)ja1 lzc *auklectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usesh bz8*2vobcm a/ak .2ccm:nne..av o0 $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric 3 zplcfa- gu.v( i pykwvi28s /4b9e;hpower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effi w3q,2gny8e lmciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible fqfk( 5fnh5(qy9 x6clm/civ3 hhz0xa8or an engine operating betweena3/ mx f 0qyzx68((qk 5vchfhh 9l5cin $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the 1o0. 0n ;ehof+iexbp j0w6wxfcold reservoir if the tempwx6i.nwb o0 e p;ffj0xh+e10 oerature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatingv2o1uugcnt7/h; o +xtf /budy0c1 q;e between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fm1x+:t h:vc0gj09 orn.let frreezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is rj0l.fvo:9+ tx1:termgn c 0rhequired in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the k:z3*nyp,k lmrate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coeffici:pk,zl* 3nym kent of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrid bsw0vt.3 ,/utegvi :gerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to thebdt tv:3, i/ gw0uvse. room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melt k 5 xcftqhpx-zbp msh)3ksxnkz/ *)9mr i75). at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in envyufd35gmb p n44s)p0tropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an iso(,xj,)i,lc t .ya16 ( jmjsp d;qbwcuothermal expansion and its entropy i,;, sj(t(qbcp)ld61ujw ,camjy xo. changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at vo5, ux75odh6m 8sdt w$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.