The process shown on stjf *mu( cqj;+f,j6pthe T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, therc8oh2eax*1 n d9:9a +hpg amkke is no change in

  When the first law ocn t)(0(aly54rfvx pzm y8v1 if thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volu +b3nwe,v)cjgme with no change in its temperature. This procge, ncv3w)+jbess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Durs c) mvm28d:ocing this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of inter8c m2) vsomcd:nal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressedgb3h8d lvwvf7x 1n7k z08jha 5 to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pre37fxhvj8wbazn d8 15h0lvgk7 ssure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 2d g:ekp)ve7rtw+2 r3q0 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy :we e3rtkv7 +dprg2q)is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Duri on 1;jhzlh)s*ng the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its; hohns)z*j1l surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynami w :yk*mwusii,:qp lyf/,l1y/ cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original vb*os i+pgjf -.olume during an adiabatic process. The*fg.- ijp bo+s final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders :c gag./tl1gcof gas identical in all respects except that one contains :1g.tgcacl/g $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders 2bi9frh k)u(/u q;iou5+l akaof gas identical in all respects except that one contains/ oqu uibk)aila+;5 (9fhru2k $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram 5v u/+sumn8 hp u-qre(is an

  In an isobaric process, there in2 y l4cahgsf g5 0te0ov./+lis no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics/g-30iiz+v yl btkz;d , $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is xs az - z1w1edy;z6n3fadded to it. This procxwn -1z6f1 z3zayd se;ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferl4yv)8 z2bc3r) giuvc-v )pyured to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas4yui2 )83v) pvz ugry- )clbvc

  The process shown on thqdf 9* )t-eeshb2ex(oe PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chang-sku)x0tc 6weyvr 94ye in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,ns71( xc )oxkw7cvwy * $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a )pm f/i *c+vtwq u3li+p)lbq8rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. bq3ql++p/) c mu )w 8itplfv*iThis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transf9c q4j 45efwguerred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a reqw4uf4g 95 ejcsult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamicu ,-6xa n.,hplg v/rrhs.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir t, en.over )ynug2vf 289v.0c s3sq jrv;ej l7to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservo 1uzq,w nh p.5bnc,.tpir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to8 .;6wl(esqs l t:nqox Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustratedy:p+kt i;-(pp -ro a mlke/5wd here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an enginept wdr/ i ky +p;l5:am-o(e-kp operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is definedtl)1b 9kkxqos78d; se as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat .f l0ep)t5rh9g vvi:ssink must .lf95 e vv) sirt0ph:gbe

  A Carnot cycle consirseu6*q-,hc 2yjmzq g v,hp)0sts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement onv5s:2p( ht nsf the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a re5zn,wu:zio8v x1v :epfrigerator is defined as the ratio oo 1:z ,pwvue :z85ivnxf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is definedd+( e.rp l)lk xvs;xn6 as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the watekm k9ep08 udl.e91uecn.;xxe; 0blhkr

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any (k 7ve j2k+,nti qzqk(process that may occur within an isolated system, wk( j eq7ktq2 z(+iv,knhich one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second lar xjyr0s v /; f0dyur2ob9gq*7w of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leadsttp,/ ggawui91iqyb918d. ic mnkz;( k( zgn8 us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is)y wdm9f y 7z)ossx)ict(5t s, removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal ty9ts5f,z i y)oc))sm7(x w sdenergy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What )8sq st;baoei,5d owjv2k8l 1is the work done in the process dl1,aw isev52s qtko )o;8b8j?

  The work done on an ideal-kjtb6l* .l kmdos2+i gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal ener dll+i-.j*tkb k m6o2sgy?

  200 J of work is done in compres- *ob+ 0vl1rxwpevua5sing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy ofp1av0w l*-5ro +ebx vu the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabati+j9e1c u,y ybvc process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal ene,vy by9u cej1+rgy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal eneracuph;isyz61o e02- ggy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work o hpuz 0ce;is y-g62a1done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system d5uv nfs;9k4vqecreases by 50 J. What is the heatn4 q fvvus5k9; exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintgp isrnld +c 4/z4r ,jy3ez1-uained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How muchr -4czz1/+dpj,srel3 ni uy 4g work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant vouiffnz9hx 7 fb8t-l/( lume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the sample? n -/ffizbxl7tfuh8( 9

  A system consists of 3.n v5nik*77 jwh0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3fis7l qs2qpnh)p) f2 36 sro)i000 J in each cycle. What is the effiifi3np6s) s2hfrs lo7qp2q)) ciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% a ms3fjl 9+fsffxk)q 3;nd receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it 9lffjx)fqsm ;3f sk3 +perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and 7d-j1u k ) wghhwc*gj5receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in u7jhkcwg )wdj*h5g 1-each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 426hee uogsz2+x0 qb/gq1e4*u j kcal. Calculate the effici quoj+2ghsb/ 1zq*6e40uge exency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64)sb/ 0;4mqww;bebqqb kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done eq;bw bb/q)w0q 4mbes ;ach cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charactipj6b42xk eu9 wrj(w2eristics: combustion chambe er4ukw6xw b(jp29 2jir temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follodyg9 azug 65v/wing characteristics: combustion chamber temperv/ 5gg6ud9yza ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far haw,n, h0s5amfa s the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatursa ,0h5f, mnwae = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of n2(f1htlar, w .ps ot*electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric po0le+ 2s+yzqk y/e/iycwer. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses,h8: k 8a3ia)mvep)1bzazdy/z uzb4v $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an-vg qf48 ktw(a engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possiblyiu ,rw + 47c3crik1 ;-xrrnxyw2hhcae:2)pfe for an engine operating between n;h7pa ck2 wwryx i:1,-rri4f3+cx) h2eucr y$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tempev uahh8j z19n7rature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoh79zajnv8 uh1 ir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between , j vcds7 plb.j)bwv/x6ifmrq7f4/1 a $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat fro3lrklq t+ w05u,c mdjzyz v o8+1;hnm0m the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required+15h+ ,l zj ;m0w ct3nzvl0mk8rdouy q in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heatr 8 lgf: b3gsfr-*luh91vcn( t from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficientbrhl-(v:3ngflftr 1 cg8s*9u of performance?

  During each cycle of :74l9; mvnoaoh8dl yqoperation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requir8omld9 vl4oh; 7qyna: ed in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g qg1 y-)pc 1ws7* 5ak;iub9evs nd7 xvqof ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chanbi 2x:yx6i t,s73(xyg r.edy uge in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoeplp cjgv: 524k1uz7m ds an isothermal expansion and its entropy v 15jp:u7cp l2kmd4zg changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 9i: a t75sob7lgi(kbe6za0 ar$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.