The process shown on the T-V graph is an ar+o(lxsk r 70

  In an isothermal process, there avwgah 0h3u(pmhu mj;:ab/ 62is no change in

  When the first law of thermodpv2vtz1si q-2jh226f vw bma,ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its origino):mvkiqkuku)i1q * 0al volume with no change in its temperature. qqmuii:v))k u*0 ko1k This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. D;1 g8mlki p9jcuring this process, 6.0 J of m1kg;jl8p9 icenergy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its originald yoi w+p37v*i volume during an isothermal process. The final pressviw*+3o i7dpy ure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothmnrbusp+3n68m 5zx xb+cd2 7 iermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is crbum +xnc 86z+n53 mpdib xs27orrect?

  A gas is quickly compres4px+nedb.ud 03sxbtdn4 ;a usw;) 8 cxsed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundc+a0xu4u.d8xbpw ;s) s ndxtb3ne;4dings. This process is

  When the first law of toonva, x9 : rzn3t1ul)hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to onjw0m(yq fj 1(5d/v fzve-half its original volume during an adiaba1vj0fvd /q f w5m(jy(ztic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gasyd,d -ev .d6hg identical in all respects except that one contains -g 6vdd.de,yh$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contaidzathk 0jb qb9i 06l ac,ryyp67d,)t ,nsdthc6t,)a rz6 bkp,djb9 0,70iqy l ay $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is an 5r-b;s,tlgi3 ) wnv 9otlfai,

  In an isobaric process, hjx0/win:e z4+sbfp, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicn2f6l5v vx, n4u8u+ rtprhcr6s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at c bn 5/amcda- cbpc:a6:onstant pressure as heat is added to it. This pr d c:ac5n6bp -ba:mac/ocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a2 q1cuwcjj-c oq-,2u 4 xgsc8t sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a22xqt-1uc-c j c ,soc j8gqu4w result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the 7 z)l.f)wareup5k6sq PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change yh46h70 la:.j zn 7:z ftuiixnin

  When the first law of thermodyno obebb*,y3 1aamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid contuixm rcf 3 .r(z1qh8hu4g: 5vkainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This pror uk(3 ix h quf5z:mv81c.4hgrcess is

  Ten joules of heat ener- )ehwy7/wxd2 6xra4vj;yluvgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As 2;)v le6duyjh4 /av-r wxwy7x a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermod,9i2bq w )ydusl b/uq*ynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to ar0ic i8rxkcx ,fb) *f7 cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a zi;zhxih;*e( swqw fgbcf +2 27gy3 b:cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamiij0p5amf/-r178 aao uk mps2d cs according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. /0iyoz ,ie*ljy q5t.q During one cycle, how much work is done by an engi,0 qy z5oyq*et.l/iijne operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is9wl 8v gwf8k:shg p8 6k0fz8pv defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency +zaphp,ph p*0m0yf )iof a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must be hzya ),pp*mpih0+0fp

  A Carnot cycle consists c c9nx5vvex q1k,4u*zkf1i 0cof

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodo1engg+an9u g,0 s sm2ynamics.

  The coefficient of perfobzf3q jo2a7:w rmance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio o7:3b jo2aqz fwf

  The coefficient of performance ( w:s5kw8 fknq 0kg(g2kCOP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entrok+t6glzo*n* 6tn+oa epy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamicc hb0 kk)o8jv phz+eg9m;+h0 ds, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one oo+kvb k);0hhm 0 jcd+gp8hez 9f the choices applies?

Give a general statement of thy0 uhzm*g rexa5g+m(8e second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conc1vsi dalo owu/f+,x2*j qli j+5h (8oylude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What 8l6w 5h0 az.m wt-hvnnis the change in internal energy0mtv zal-nh86n wh5.w ?

  During an isothermal prw,ci )z49e osxocess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the process?) 9iecxs wo4,z

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an npck*.sxcf*08 m+/a j 5w rbzoisothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal enxm /roaj*cczw8 * fnps+05b k.ergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatical3. gy;vf2mj ivs 6qel3ly. What is the change in internal l.e3 mj y2;q3sfv6givenergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoeslrv4 jn(;+ 3gtdb int4 an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in intet4l4ng+(bv3nrjd ; tirnal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. Wl*)b* 7gjlf: i slgsy9hat is ths*bll*gfy79gl:s i )je work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy1 bued;:lqgmdkwo ydb qrx a5 9.1(17p of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the (1mq :1pgwqy9udb;la 5dxdkrb .7 e1o heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic ghe-9fy)4zmqhu a0s9 w as is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is duyqe -0h)wf4zam 9h9sone by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 Kevn a,r6dy o43 a8rc6g at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. H ny,8cr r6v4eda og63aow many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water.yxkls18x gr v3hiig *+1 vo6t at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 - rrss er5m/8,+pbe k 3ryor(lJ of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the ere3re85 /b prss- ky(r+m,l orfficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat 9tc((wy dq47gfm p .sw;fmug*per cycle. How much work does it perform in each umydw gmtgs w 9(.*cf;fp(7q4cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat pervt6(lgiquaf x ht :93he951sp cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in eh 5t9p au glx(i6fvth193q:e sach cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle andd:4 d .dn9jjif exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the ef.9d:djf4 jin dficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of , fvmxas. 2q-uheat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the ,q 2xmsf .-vauwork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following xxv/33zxeq1dkni :8x characteristics: combustiok3 qxxi8e/1vdxx: z3 nn chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engz,6i.h5+iiu k vo9hgf,duh rf1.p op1 ines built so far has the following characteristics: combush fgodvu+z9 uhpiki,1pi6 .1foh.r5, tion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far h 3ys-uakuqwhj b9 o7g9+2*vivas the following characteristics: coskwv-*oh3qiu279 9+augb v jymbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generatfv 1(fiu+8 djces 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pqa9q bu/9q5rngw5 +gaower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses i2nh z ,akx(2v$4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of so*-s+2j1j j/w 8ie nmc z.zzyan engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiencesnjw/l;32*s itic*mg* fr 8jy possible for an engine operating betweenr**j*/i;nicgs3 f8sj m2w let $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is theoykm2b vh+b.9ob 2nx .lr5) kc temperature of the cold reservoir if .r+ 2bobkyl.9m cv2)k nxo5b hthe temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwee 7 h:uiml ajf*yip09q0n $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 2)hg5- *.g0 bzn xjaaw;grp) fo0 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. gn0zwf-ar;p oj bhg) x)*g5.a How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heatx5:s-i-x0ph d6w4s e oq*wnw4pu h bh8 from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ an oswwe4-wq0n s-pu4 *xhb85 p h6d:hixd ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, ap )u m6y ;dxsn*q a:xy4l)xi6v refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in eac:x4uq* pdxx 6ymvin6y ;als)) h cycle?

  What is the change ina 3 ra.gae*o,7why+uyxkl r3jt 5 49aj entropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entr;tzhw5l;-h 5i4b-id5 agdajp2ap 3mxzxy 95 nopy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entrope)u:1s4.hn pxn. q h(95gfp/ upapfoo yfs54/houu)p gpfno91.xe :qp(ap. nh changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at f5p39myqrziuk5*p 6:nv 6:7r pcwcma $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.