The process shown on the T-V 95gun 6 aw;k(6b s*8wyukqp zugraph is an

  In an isothermal process, th kx,4i*n; 7rkl9rnuw lere is no change in

  When the first law of thermody0e (b rw,6wl8aan zs*o kqj0d4namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to1 z q(mvqp0ne7 twice its original volume with no change in its temperature. This process isqz70vnp(1q em

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally fromqw qzy8gl1n,zgcja: 3o 09c b) 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the,0b w1lq83yc 9za:og) zgcnjq external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half itbnl0io c bv19q m9;*nss original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of thbsnnqm10b 9 c;o*v9lie gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During us4oy1.-h q yaujh w2;this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following sta qy1js-ho.ua2hu4; wytements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressj2j 1 aw5nb2 g)si s45)scpjpwed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas e2 w1)52wjs4ps)ca sgpnij5b jxchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamij7;e ;j 5lq16xksa9/ua cqj2wwyk dl6cs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume du5tex7gqz 1nj)ring an adiabatic process. The final pressure o7jt q)15xe zngf the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in allf;z 9hbf6 y1vh respects except that one contains bv9; hyff1 h6z$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one contain( h s4j un1hjt,:xm0me(o 5zxxs z mj(jh(4t nos,0hm x:51xexu $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagp )etk3*d9nlb 0llziq7 myh- ;ram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no changexa22txpwyi 7 + in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, (ef wy:,s dif+4 ,h*mjfuu5oq$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pra 82-gqmjlrr6* 7rmgh1 h1jzh essure as heat is added to it. This pror*a16rrhmg zgj-ql 7h21mhj8cess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sam7lg: w2 yrfwcrzql ae : mja4+/+ynkmvz0;6a.ple of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of thewzyv+lw.:zaemc6 nm ryfkj4;:lr7aa q g2+/ 0 gas

  The process shown on the PV diagragnw-/yrdir.e o 0a+ d-m is

  In an isochoric process, there is noe7 c eo.i.6xon change in

  When the first law of thermodynvn 1ier6+5sddy;af * wamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energywk,c,; 9z, zexb kyj3j is added to it. This proces9x;e ckzj ,w3,,yjzkb s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are ttj,li5 eyh6b- ransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of the gte5 ,ibjh y-6las

State the first law of thermodynamiwu9f u*/is01zd-c gr/3dvseycs.

  Is it possible to transfer dit4*31mh p ydheat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfe(1bn e6grsl45y/ qhn rr heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynami :sqmo6:5euv8p-yr3: uhg bd psp33wz cs according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated hereo-bd6lprstgo: 0ib;del,:y4w oq g , -. During one cycle, how much work is done by an etd :sg 0-o,lyq bio;6 b-dg:p,w4oel rngine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is de j 1npstp0tz:z5-x f3ifined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to3(wdoy fgih;i6* ngjgx7v+/ f be 100%, the heat sink mujyd+ 7 ;gg6x*of(hiwi / 3vgfnst be

  A Carnot cycle consists +fpk hp+ous7p77o tv/of

Give the Kelvin-Plancax/g(a(mie u *k statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is f /80bb/yo(s ke/owzc defined as the ratio ow b8y(beo/ /z0ks/ ofcf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined ami.l g)5ekn: zs6e6oks the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of t*g*:gq dfoh 2lhe water

  According to the seco ab4-ynpbxjcvqhn98 8pd( o32 nd law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolh- bxo j9bnp2vacn 4d(q8y83p ated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of thez s(d: (4kx-gc*j bz )ngzivg0 second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermody/yw hp)1p bc:jnamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 7dv*/, w gtmkul+lu+y.9v vlu5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internam7 9kdvuu +wyl*uvtv+l. / l,gl energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removsr+c* h otd/.s vc7fi3ed from an ideal gas. What is the work done incci+v7. osd/ t*hr fs3 the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal processj 4m*9)uigogk is -400 J. What is the chang4k g*)9igmo jue in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done iru5l rm / +ed/c t *jn/xo3sz(ifk+t6in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal energ+rjr/e// t ci x f(u56odt3sz*link+my of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is zouh5epsf8r82 ic ;w 3the cwc8r;53 ei2p8uoszhfhange in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal 4b(pwlr2b 7u8(cnyus 8qox)xo5o6z cenergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is tc5( 8bouwxbq2rylooz ()x46s pc7 8nuhe work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. cqls2r t73;+s ya3rjqb-)gr l Wha)r cl +- ;rb7gajl23s sytrqq3t is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of ay9up1ytp3 3 g4i:3up: 9xvr:fk ytw zp monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is coop1v4g::p 9p3uy9z3fxr ittyp ywk:3 uled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 i49opt(cj. .9eslbgtK at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How malgo(94i.9ep jb .s cttny moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists ofi(*wvb d2 i6p1bog7pf5i 1egj*gbf4p 3.0 kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cyc ;yx seu/ip/u0)bnt1jle. What is the efntpu 1/ji;xu )b/s0e yficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0%z p zur:.cagq6g-du /5 and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work d:u. 5c rgqpuzd/az-6goes it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycty;4l 4j fzltgz: a2f:le. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?4f4:lgt ztl;jfz2 :ya

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cl lhtrsi4/ue+8v niaqck*997 alculate the evn u 8r9 94kl*h/i eci7tq+lsafficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and (jzfi6 ya ;dt4yfq*: yexhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work dot*:aifd;6fq 4jy z(yy ne each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engs3xf*y16t (gypuym7u ines built so far has the following characteristics:*7yty u 3u px1gmyfs(6 combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines bui8.9befr 8aw spu-ttc ;lt so far has the following characteristicsr-b9f pu.;s ctta8ew8 : combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines krd l 960jx, zx 6a,3obtvjde)07 huytbuilt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamyrjdbt0x6 jzt, v 9,e0 d 7h)3akoulx6ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power fevg+b-vpq.0 y+mc, s. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW c eej5g hec() :/vry 6nj.nunvd;-ym7of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant gener66q sq e25lxh e20tcyzates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an enc ))uqki -m 9mac jm+(y(e8meyk h-s0rgine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operas8z- 5oqaplr +ting betwla-po+s8zr 5 qeen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What ivgxkb5.8 wa(xw t br(4s the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperb(rxt x5ag8wvb k.4( wature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between lx)sxoey291 0y c( ktf pzbc,7$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thkze iooe (d- j2yt:t8/e freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycl je:i2dt/oty- e (ozk8e?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fre aw2 wc4c6h2i6 ag;sloezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coeffi4 6gashl26i;ca ww c2ocient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigegw8er5 gd s pk8 lv88zr 1f1)1r,nuqctrator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work inpue gwr 5grp1szckt188qd8r n) fl,8vu1 t is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when:i o+rz hm)o.5a ctrq7xs, c8w2bv,fu 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change5g3o lwah vy:fa c46e+ in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STPj; c6 81 p xuj2bok rfnq7-p6a/iij7zw undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entrop;767k pf6z bp- 8xicnarjjowi 1j2/quy changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at .zq:t nt5j k0r$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.