The process shown on the fwh lf9akrq bug4n*42 r9d66luy +9atT-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no cg 2gxf:* dnb0jhange in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, :k g-1/tp srv kbc:dbk87i6vc$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original voluu -d4z8hcnp-z me with no change in its temperature. zp4 n uc--zh8dThis process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L4tw8 os/jeg l.. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this oljsge4w8./t gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed tg8q(-e zyp.pil+t h )go one-half its original volume during an isothermal process.gpe .p)qtlhzg+( y-8i The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally froh s,xw y.jx65.l:g hy700tvqboduxb 4m 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gb4b gd7lu.6xy: 0.0wjsqtxoxh5h,v yas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environm+r(b, k1bzhonent. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. Thiszk ,honb+1 (br process is

  When the first law of thermoz *o(2*uipy(q mz ,d 8-hovrbddynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is comp ,g3 0om5k7 .e xguvyc*oncp*aressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final pressure of the g *ukeo.g,ap5 xoc03m7c *vg nyas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except 1z0oa21lpo3;r3i ioxf3n zxm -u pq/jthat one containso/p op3xl ;orz i1mx j03iu3-2 fnqaz1 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all sfsi db+zr+0x tmo):1n1vs; xrespects except that one contains oz1s b+fm1sxdsx:i 0;)trn+ v $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV dc5y/j3anf1 p mric k99iagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change inn 28 a)5 zwstr88 jya5,g 7uvaf/rbagq

  When the first law of thermod2k, 0jrww blyk/qu(7o ynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure afbs5ja pf9ro.y1.t:d+y q:u ys heat is added to it. This process is y.yjf fy5+qbtdu:1.:r9p sao

  Ten joules of heat energy are trudb n6 (is;y06qpw n.mansferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal q 6p wnyins.bd0m( u;6energy of the gas

  The process shown on t sqbxo; pkdf0+6 (4uxmhe PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process,*i,i zse)ga n; there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamictxom /1p ve))fs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat ensg c2f:mmo70tzvlx )) ergy is added to it. This pr7)cvtl)x:s m0mozg 2f ocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas ac j;ijev);+ zc1cfd0th9goy f)sd)8 gt constant volume. As a+gzfhc) ti80 y);1 soj)dc9vd;f g ecj result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamics5pwjq /(a;j0 z apqk8q3kr*d n.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot nsf(imx3 t 2i-reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoiom1xbjej( jy75.e( gjr to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermm cr v4ixk4mfv rmbos9,pn4-q n70)t:odynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illorl p6ggk) ua;8 icpg.6s8 pq+ustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on th)u 6cap l8ogrks+ppgqg6 ;.i8is cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined jj0 h xz;phx: 1q:f:raas the ratio of

  If the theoretical effy;b maf z9zu9y8m(3u: 8akhnuiciency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink mus8ymf:bzyka9 zma3 n u8uh(u9;t be

  A Carnot cycle consi+ v0q4d 4uoegksts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of ther,3 p xvptye1x4a+/o bumodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP yl 0q43(lai l+ky9fmd) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio od f9qyka3 yl m0+(4illf

  The coefficient of performance (C7ay2z1yw a a7nOP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of thefhrwej8u +l d2ja7 0,/ g7dhct water

  According to the second lawwev01u(i5yqb3qb8d mkiic ; xl ; )gg1 of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one ofdy0c ii be)1m;;kgiwq xbl( 58qgv13 u the choices applies?

Give a general statemrwl( p3jm0j7-cpg9 tvent of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermo ) e /l6cprcou*bpcvt/6r 4/g4qzc-jwdynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of *1xyemcs 2(h4.lw tk theat is removed from an ideal gas. What is (*2wmhylxcs4te .k1t the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idovf6 .u pnr ;ua9jf25ceal gas. What iso5n6p ua29;.uvc jr ff the work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system 0af;y ( ) nb.jv+o b3qudft6agw3ptu0in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in int+03dbgja.0b6(fqnouv;tw y3t )fapuernal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabaticalrrawsbjpj,g5 vf+ )+ 2ly. What is the change inr5sa vgw,+)f 2jpbr+j internal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 q ovcq,m4ap 4(J of work. What is the change in internal energy ,(o44q acqvpm?

  In an isochoric process, the internal h2tifzw 9g86- e su/*h mfd7wdenergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work do-2se g89u zt*f i6/ f7dhhdmwwne?

  In an isochoric process, the integjx(vd0p5sl ;rnal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heatxgjvs0dp; 5 l( exchange?

  A certain amount of a mo gf, d4vox9oz0 (/3o ywaleyds3f(o*znatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done byyoxyef3*4 d0olasoof z (z, (93v/gdw the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant vospg7.ewg bxa);* hf.elume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas ar *xa behe7;f). gpw.gse in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg 9yw;s, i e*3eyupz:pz of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 700fx(zb 2t: 1(jx,myfsu 0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficjfu( zbym(x1:t, fx 2siency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.04kup zoqk39ej+w8s s. /uh vz+% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mzwku8se9+3p z o v+s4j.u khq/uch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyc mvp,2mb5o5f hle. How much heat d2pb mvh55o fm,oes it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42; 8h86w kxsfig kcal. Calculate th fis8w8k 6x;ghe efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal c(p8 ov; d4xxfof heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done fpxc(4 xo;v8deach cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followirkb .v4f t-li.b5lokl n/u :d8y2sr 8kng characteristics: combustion chamber temperature yf54 ltlln v/8b-k.r k.2d8 i kbrous:= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foll1pudvv-y mqj( ;o l-)xowing characteristics: covpuv-y );dm1qx(-oj lmbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follo7 mv*3yqq ya)qwing characteristics: combustio)yv* 7 q3qayqmn chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generao ihj,e dza/1(x3eom3*fi )v:yu*mut tes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pow nmg+w s j;yzbryft5a 5x-y/v69lp5o6er. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plantfr:5 rqxi6tyq .z1oi4ghgz4f:k i5 8a uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine w-s(ivgj *z6 tvyf );kzhich operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible f1 udcgcx48 :7yg)f35gl9h wkur ugpf5or an engine operating between dg)3gfgh r51fuw c5 uxpgy 4:9klc8 u7$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the cp ryea+5ss aal,)w5(temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature o5p esy)crwlsa,a(5a+ f the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bef p9) dzij/zr3d.td ts)azt95tween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 16; tvrdv0 qn fktcx,7kJ and ejectscvdf1qnrvx 6 7tt,k ;0 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the lcug7f) 8 thj)freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per ctc)f7hu) 8 gljycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerc7;r gx*vn gv4ator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of hvgvcnr74 g*;x eat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change iny ujme)0)fov* p wdo h.+)(lvw entropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change jg. mkb *gq/0uin entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas rwi* guz z1h 6me/f d66wh1o8fyqy5k6at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changq/5hk6w*h ziur16 fdyzoy 16em6fgw8es by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at qdz2f 9v*o:k)xx0 h 7eil+nvz$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.