The process shown on the T-V graph or3ihna:fxm0 )(q *8adc pk,e is an

  In an isothermal proz) ,gp 2y,vtvocess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamic o2j 6gbs7erm1s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volo0ajjec.8z blb0 sv+1 ume with no change in its temperature. This proo0zaj+blb10c8 v.jsecess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30*gvv;5n3 yf0ae3 ddrq L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy*v d3ag5yfn; 3qe0dv r is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compr- dqp ;4f7 beze:1bekmessed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the g4q-k dbe7: pz mebe;f1as

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this pz7dd kby27(vki)in k 8 goux+7rocess, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statementxkd+ 78 z2i )in77 (dyubovgkks is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Dugyk gkic1au/am ,25-q ring the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundingq/mig1,yga5-kac 2 k us. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynl ;) x8ji7 n*dt5r a5nx odw cdfj16v1qdm+i6bamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original voluv sr:1u0n9jgxnd t,w6-yt x.yme during an adiabatic xuvn9:1 ,-xyrnd0tswgt y .6 jprocess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects e0mz+hy6 y wei3clyx)(m7 + dtjxcept that one contains y 3hmjcly0t6dmiyew(x+z)7 +$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one coeww*)fw :)-+od wgl 8s,wluenntainsl*,wwle w)s+edong-8uw: wf) $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV y l. 5wxun5317goq1mw09i k xwsugjp;diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no (x5t lkzu6kw-bzv1y+w 7z,ca change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicn s7tm /,wlfx80qn av4s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is hif*ttt ( ,rr(added to it. This process ,(tir h ftr*t(is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal uz iu)tv(y 2470 xsrtzgas at constant pressure. As a result, the internat)r2(uu xvzy 7zst i04l energy of the gas

  The process shown on k50xm7)(v;w5z cjxxfz rp7wl the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no ww :4adr 4a3tvchange in

  When the first law of thermoreoqdi y8/ w7)dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannr kfofma ;8o50ot expand as heat energy is added to it. This processok ra0 ff;o85m is

  Ten joules of heat energy are trtyb7) 3 fw(w1 sag*/0 tkhblxeansferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy0 7hkwlegybx)1tta*s 3 (b/f w of the gas

State the first law of thermodx8jxef,.xe)) duae9 y ynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer h4 cpfzz47dk/px,pq/9qb hwkv g2 ;-ajeat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer+b:5yez oyt ,n heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamwr7 9u3j8 g8 xagemx2v9nmcv4ics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, hopajf ew62 uq9;p.x36p,vy imzw much worjewu.p62x9,;yq iv6mppz3fa k is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as thijl2(+i2n3 m /sky ua,z8wdjoe ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to qp9i oh(mv l5b0t)5 iobe 100%, the heat sink must b9l)0q(5 bt piovm i5hoe

  A Carnot cycle consists o* s- epixriel -it3( c7gullsei5 4z)(f

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law x qfhe*m4.+ehe 6a,(yonku9cg hzp1- of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio or, qzutdrh ky( 5p600 to.gso; on26mrf2;pnrqr mytt6.56 z0ko 0g(dsohur,o

  The coefficient of performance (COP) kzj7*mzftku,k r/6b 3 of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of m328e1y- djqn4j zejk the water

  According to the second law ofm( vrp +gzu88ak( *yvq z26whu thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the 86myha *uv(wvu+2q r (pgzz8 kchoices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamicsl),ej 5.glarqzo0tdx-zhcr ty n3ina /) :/v0.

  The second law of thermo27xwifvn5p / u8kmlh4w /k7e edynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rii61rcp.l v( kemoved from an ideal gas. What p i.16kv (ilrcis the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed fro4sne v/wj )dk/b+vtr, /ec ad7m an ideal gas. What is the work done in the procenjc7/va4b+dk d ,) es/tvrew /ss?

  The work done on an - 5x3h :npbz3y i(id4ee-kkthideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in intern 4:thbk-ynek-z5p3 xidih e 3(al energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a ga6y.+wichfmk+3lwfu / s adiabatically. What is the change in internal energy of the ga/ lkf+3c6i.wm+u fhyws?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabat,qp.x.4qthh3p ww :at ic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change ipt,ahh.w :.3p q4xtqwn internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. hx0 th94xxdt7 mt u0-.hv6pjl What ix6t-d7t xxupv4.00thm l 9hj hs the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system 6jc9c9+ rhx9ibt djr ;decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exc9j6r j+rc9;hixc9 tbdhange?

  A certain amount of a m5 l106 e7mluod+lxqk ronatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gaq+ul7ro kmle16 d0x5ls?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constantf2g, ujxr g36k55np1-pbhcw u volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many molesg15 un6 u g52,wxb-fc r3jpphk of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 k)h-z cax6/f h*op;zu c m:3mxjg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 700ohr 8ieotaadn2ntn2 5q.:93 8;e lvje 0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the n85ei jta3non t:qel2 ;8dhaov29r.eefficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat zgx 0vn,. 02lgxd-g ycper cycle. How much wor2.cl00vyn gxzgg xd-,k does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rec yxo (:hthpvbg+0 1 r(7g0aiuseives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it(b h 7( 0rpvhgi1u+o stga0xy: exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and e3t2i 3yrg( eutxhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiet (r i332eygutncy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhaus,-81 hldmva bgts 42 kcal. Calculate th mgl1bva hd,-8e work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has tbwu j0q( ql5a0bm ;-prhe following characteristics: combustion chamber ter5aum b - q;wblq0(jp0mperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines buin5 vqj affrvg0uz s9uz/ 30i+1lt so far has the following characteristics: combuu35f1uiv00z/ a9 gfjn r vq+zsstion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the fol0xdt a4( 4qmnaq 2wvt/lowing characteristics: combustion chamber temperature v42w(am4 xqt/nq0 atd= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 M. 3lhoode jc;y ad39nso 1gd92W of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600u0, 7 yqnyl muk;j +4aqo:0tlu*r pa(e MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant genergnoabv)a oo0 h-ciw )k t2-j87ates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency49-fnt l m e odh/zqh(vbfk0si(zi878 of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine ope 1 dk2 )ik naf+q+j-mji; awc-w0sbtq7rating betwe1w-j2bjdf7k w-q s mkn t+)icq+0aa;ien $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the te v*6*ocz x1uudmperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature *z*u6co xv1duof the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bqxd*3 -p1 jmfzetween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rzu0)n*h 4 vlxbate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. 0uznxlbv h4) * How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing. 7n)jwu.rhhsk)y e 6w0ka s,k compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. Wha ,h6n)rk)uj.skae0k. 7ywh swt is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J oj:i+c8*dscqe*8 fb2yn7 ab2 i (uawslf heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the rs :w82i*d7+usjc *qa(8efbly2cna bioom. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when * qkfw21mzrm. 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice f)j/m bpm64g.rs0ziv -g9y exa reezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at Spa+g,3mmc+s g TP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy change +3g,g c+ampmss by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at / rpgu(/8m vfsl osa0($80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.