The process shown on the T-V grap/ rd ltqpg9) x(6pic;7e b3gfbh is an

  In an isothermal process, there is nore.mzuejo- ;; . zqcp: change in

  When the first law of therj*u9 ewv.l8avmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in.uonx0 bql,4t7/ u vgo its temperature. This process.o t/xqg7n4v u 0,olub is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this y, wlk, x87lms:bjbs /process, 6.0 J of energy is expend yb 7mll:s xjkbw8s,/,ed by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an i4vyf10 mm/y ttk(29;acx:c9jgh zhp ksothermal pr;1jt4hpv:a9cm9cf/yzg0kht2x (my kocess. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this proces) dcd2.nfnx)8f-hxm n s, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanisnf-. hmc28d)xnxfd n )m that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated enviv-7n9ce8vt.e v7pe rj ronment. During the event, the gas exchange e.-7 pjnv9r8evvtec 7d no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law owq.k hy kv4fv7;p c7eu3yo0(t f thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas ov:lya*r li rv*, +s0 ll ie1cg5af *j0vpa)+nis compressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The fin sea+il05)10av,r*ja * +y vnlf plr oic:gl*val pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except tha,6* js pywy3s8hrhp7ot one contains hpy y8rspw3j6o ,* hs7$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of ueo0-han+7 *jq ;wir4 j3xqdfgas identical in all respects except that one contains 3rw7hxfje- *dna; o0+4iqujq $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is -h+d dsn w t:-6c7chh)acxb)man

  In an isobaric process, thereop9i tr6m dx9qh +-kt- is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamic:)9vkrx+k,vj8)lt brwg v7 jhe 0,bgps, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand ammcs9w .t:xho8j /w l *5zq(rht constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process isc*rz.m wohhx (q5sl:9jm8 w/t

  Ten joules of heat energy are amdwv 3khjw 5)px/jnm)- /i;wtransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pjamdwi;k/ )) nvpx-w j3/h wm5ressure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the k5 ( tl78i r6rycapz1h:up9nkl8f6 hbPV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no*/ o41vaxxr ac change in

  When the first law of 6fznoyh 1 fjz,;j+c1jthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand ae.vr d9 muh;xespn1(xe/w8 8r ;*cwjrs heat energy is added to it. h;e1esxrcmj8 u8* ;w pndr w(ve/.x r9 This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to abg(pn:a-7 t(zke3dr n sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a res3gernbd:-7( z (kt panult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermo u14x ch):a se5-lasqklv2 o2sdynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot recxmmbcb)k1 ; bwz ;f+p9-ii6kservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir tw:b4zk 5d49 oxre8duno a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius.d l*i. (og5ckm mx:u6,lwx f.a

  A gas is taken through the cycle lwjy 6xpo8i/o 53ay27dqut 3 gillustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on 3d75y t8o/2 w3yqloxp6gjia uthis cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat0aj1*d9 z +mnxrqqgd9 engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sig;o s;4f ;fj 9lzh6mnvnk must mo9;g; jfnzlh 64s;vfbe

  A Carnot cycle consi d.fk 1a,glig(sts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck state0gov 8 6js*( -umqlw 0legm/q4*jll diq jm,3wment of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refribeqg92 rk/yrr udzqk*l:/ :1igerator is defined as the ratio ofu:y/ikgq r ebrrqd 1/*9k:2zl

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio ofct: m ;hqsp8gqjz,4,a

  When water freezes, zjnce d )7lvkhx 9e3a 7.pj;3ethe entropy of the water

  According to the sec j 5ikh pe..4f/jdq6k*,ncr 4mqu3tgxond law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choiceufr, 6.44mq / ih5t *p3qxgjejcnkd.ks applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamweq nfr:jo7+*g ezb73ics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude thatdq. p.8v:t xdk2mbjn ( jcmf-;

  During an isothermal process,2q +zjhu8)fj w 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internalufzqwjj+2 8) h energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remoz6gygw+ n3arj 42g bb*ved from an ideal gas. What is the ngrbg2+b6jz* 4g ya w3work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. Wh 3 v 7 o5wvrfvdx+mmbev8n,(1fat isvfb v8x(mrfv v5w1mo3,en+7d the change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatixe//pp g2 0mekcally. What is the change in internal e/ exk 2/p0mgpenergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoak ii5/8uly k vm;m1m6es an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in in81yk 6v5ma; lmm/kiuiternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J(jkz;npxu( +s. What inzujsxp k;(( +s the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decrjkjzbt 8r(-m2 eases by 50 J. What is the heat excha- krj mjzt28b(nge?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant unlefcw*;(8 t volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by ref;lun tw *c(8emoving 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of qa:(8fns7nn2xc sb. a energy is removed from it. How many moles . nn 8xnq2:bas sacf(7of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at2-jwbg(suygr.0s a* s $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of hewq ,i42zxw o7sie*nx 3at and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiency*47xiq3 wwiso,xze2 n ?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. o3qfgy-7u *nhn1qa8x How much wohaxuqg8nf-oy qn* 173 rk does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of h/ 0 bihdz -uq4,,otsq) xa3iokeat per cycle. How much heat does it ex bqa izd h-s,/t qki40)uoxo,3haust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorb-7he g hqct+)-quts3c*y r ,gxs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efhycr-+g ) xqqc-etg*u73,tshficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 k 0) mr-qsuqf;ycal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each fqqu-;ms )yr0 cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines buimm snxgrimi/e9l)+f5 ) xlj /m695kw wlt so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatur9x+s5i/jwflmxk l6)mri/9wm 5ge mn )e = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the ;elx bh;cdrwhvi;s):o+w5 wr n; z-9u following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatiohncwwdrr x vu; );59;w e-;hslb:+zure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristicc so379gq-apns: combustion chama-opsn g73q9c ber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant use,. xi1opfpw+1tc ywj0s $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric jpewxiv.8c;5yid y:- power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW ;zwo cr 1+miku;pt;ha b-5r*xof electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficie8rcjw qjxw7)f -s+pk4 ncy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible focg3-du :v e,ql7c ao8qdsu7n7r an engine operating betwe7 ,73qcd-o7 g8av es u:lcnqduen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the tem3ef rn k-xev9s)s0m*jriv s c e*n+k/(perature of the cold reservoir if th0 rrv e*n(s vecxk3f9jk)/sm-n +e*ise temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operati1v.aa c4:jqh9q, veww0xoh )i ng between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heijas5;4gq,. rq.i r7dy )bnvwat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per 5 ;wnivbsagdjr7)q.4qr.i, y cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from vne/ wgl-5zlu0oxd, / -0we1utlw gq8 the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of perforqvl15gwluet uzgwn0/we- l8 0,dxo/-mance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J ow6hm u(g(q*1h5up pnk f heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cyclhk5mp n*uuh6 qg (w1p(e?

  What is the change in entropy when 3xc/f x ckb,l.50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice free pg/sztv:7g9 i2;lu irzes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expanlb: *p9svf-ac8ql tx8sion and its entropy changesftqp*vb 9-clal:8s 8 x by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ln 83 ; /dl,yf rp8t/zpdod-vm$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.