1. Which of the following are rol,0fw i+. a bcf(k(bakves of stem cells in living organisms?
I. Growth of new organs.
II. Replacement of damaged cells.
III. Production of cells which could differentiate.
IV. Produce new stem cells by mitosis.

  2. Which of the following correctly describe the differentiated cells in an inx qz0 nz7jup59dividual plant such as the golden barrel cactusbarrel (Echinocactus grusonii)7xuq zpnzj5 09 shown in the image?

  3. What are essential properties of ste9 kc: h t8wb2+ e-xog,exrtdi7m cells?

  4. What is the cause of stem cells differentiating along different pathways 8;pyrm,qgq j4j7dem t3ztz 6i)m9y egd f*4e1to produce mty*t ,9je63y4pj gfme1 q gi4mz 8 rd7d;z)qea variety of differentiated cells?

a. Use the graph to estimate uq9s ;bln3sw5* aqjp8l qsk/3the volume of a liver cell.

b. The image is of cardiac musct,b y*qu/bjz0 n0gyi4 le.

Cardiac muscle cells have a mean length of 100 µm and an estimated volume of 8000 µm3.
Explain why the cell length and volume ratios are not constant for all cell types.

c. Suggest one reason why a human ovum has spectd .;uk ,(k0 lun6f:vu6hze1 e 0viwhjialized to have a large volume.

d. Estimate the mean length of a cell with a volume of 1000 µm3 using the trendkt84x,e9cd u f lin4xtu fk8,de 9ce on the graph.

e. The horizontal error bars represent standa 8;rr7ao srt -m q,yh9p1mo;/ghux)yx rd deviation. Suggest what the standard dev7m/s;ux ag h r8qmx9thoyr r 1),-;yopiation signifies.

f. Simplified models are commonly used to investigate scientific 21g; h 8 o+pnqstppx9uj3k.x nphenomena.
Outline the limitations in the use of a sphere to model surface area to volume ratio in cells.

6. Using examples from human tissues, distinguish betw) 9 8vxh/xp -cyfhxku;een pluripotent, totipotent and multipotent stem cellscv p/x9hx8 u -yk)xhf;.

7. Explain the role of stem cells in a multicm .wkgb.pj11pf 8.yan ellular organism.

(a) Explain why a large surface area to volume ratio can increasexi+2ntejq2 a1z *hap2 cell efficiency +enj1ah2z2a *tp xiq2.

(b) Describe, using two specific examples, dwbo, y1tt2 ds93i-(sxswg 7 jhow cell adaptation can increase surface area to volume ratio in a specialised ce9yswb,i dt1s7(otgd j3w x2-s ll.

(c) Many tissues found in plants are compound tissues, ko j64s7gsgo9 such as phloem tissue shown in the image. Pkog46os7 jsg9hloem tissue transports organic nutrients from their site of production (often, the leaf) to sites of storage or metabolism (often flowers or roots)

Compound tissues consist of several different cell types, simple tissues of only one cell type.
Outline why many tissues in multicellular organisms have more than one cell type in the tissue