The process shown on the T-V66t .qdvly /hp graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no/ymzy *kgnit.2wrl (2dg 0 zw* change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, 6p0syq( qd9w o$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vol gpjz96+w3ecsi/9 gkazel7(h4u pff+ume with no change in its temperature. Thisipg 9z/ fu za+gh6fwse+( k 73celp9j4 process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermalie3x-m* c1wv4 e u0qmsly from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal ene-vm0exs c*14w qu3me irgy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-uhe 2zc/rfit+ );n sl+half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure in2)l+t us;+cr/zef hof the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this 641b t6,puftf nfri6h2ruj wymz1k; :process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following state zrb61f16y hwk;mf6t24tunf:j ,priu ments is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed 94ms(b 6*ozwn*tz2u cimgj) s in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with gi4c ts)6mz(mwzn 2 s*bo*j9u its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamics, d -; *ttbaqyt;$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is cze * qyfms-2h7ompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic proce7 f*2es -qmyzhss. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respvrie2l6dm : 4pects except that one contains p4l6: i2e drvm$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical d+a+zk ek)g/b in all respects except that one contains g a)bek/dz+k+ $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagr-wen ,4c 0m qemrhrl1kual (7x/+tas 0am is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no12f m.x2(n6lehhf w.k vtzqz3 change in

  When the first law of (2/qmeq zn ts2thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at c/:yw0vybrb : monstant pressure as heat is added to it. This process:/0y wbbmrvy: is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of iyxn3pjd7(,x e 04ue2g su9o wldeal gas at constant pressure. As a resuujnse7,9e3w dx204p ( oglyxult, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram p,*4g ivz0wvtwu0ta;waju9 7is

  In an isochoric process, there isjh) i 6kj/hc jsi2/g-f no change in

  When the first law of ther6th.ydr 3diiv; 35nrj modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container thatnr.zoyd7k:( nppf1svq(er i ,b7b. c( cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Thikzq sn 7 n( rpvfp,ico1.7 de(b:(ryb.s process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constanln kzh5iqml*)5rcl u i;f+) t+t volume. As a result, the infu)+izi c *n k)5r;+l5tl lmhqternal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynamick2x nmimrn i)*ket 33q/f x,b:s.

  Is it possible to transfer het1xe-j+k i31twjt3bakg*u (t 3bp)ohat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a colda+- xkvn7ov8 a reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics ac9:cdo*ddft h(cording to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the c :d sy1fl28dfgycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operating on: 1 dylsff2dg8 this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined60m3 d+ +kwqb6hemlju as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine ips(fm 0to5m)fs to be 100%, the heat sink must bmfts 0(fo)m5p e

  A Carnot cycle consismndbr 7b ej5: )z akxk6w2d 2hq.a36kjts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck ( ii2nf6pmiz7 +(dcpgstatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performealxq+g2ks4j yj9l4 h :dvp+7ance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofgqjk+2x 4dp +ll:9haj7s 4eyv

  The coefficient of performd c.k8abg)ag ca** ;luance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the water (jw3/tu5s ls7u;wwpm

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for anyg 4:p ynqfr,cz9a l(nu2pc/ 7h process that may occur within an isolated l9qhpp:/f4g7nnzcr(yc, a u2 system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermody7 ka86uhfzrgf2)cm:v6caa2 vc xq 7+onamics.

  The second law of thermodynamicsd9w rb x3nq*- 1f5nlmsmp :yv(:xctw7 leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, qtci/7(kunvbm 7 s 046*lcnal 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal enerl /n c csm46ktb7lv0i(ua 7*nqgy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. W6wzg- u eed2;sg;f uq9hat is the work done i-92; s;geed6z q uuwfgn the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. afhw +vowy+ta,u + vo2-l1 kf0sh+f 1rWhat is the change in internal en++1ov-o2wk fl +sw+u,h frhv atf0y1aergy?

  200 J of work is done in codwrljowjs186 5b0g )ix5q. y kmpressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in ij5jgy5.w 1swrq)x06ik b ld8onternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiak* *o8hajup 6qbatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in int ko*p hu*8j6aqernal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. xog de,2ds j.8(gi5agbu *s z-Whati (zgjs58.obegsgu2-d , xda* is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of r/)w6evu2; qy r s73 kcc2urnca system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchu7 ry62evc3us;rc)w ckr2q/ nange?

  A certain amount of a monatom og -hc p/q:s r*v(kcpie6 )6sj*kvt+jic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled rjgk*/e 6)sc- osi tp6+k qv c:j*(vphby 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constv 5/lie (1ctx(eqi 14o *oqlug-ru-s oant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it4or5g1c(iiqq1l -o*l( uxe/es- o utv. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of watey8q5nyvjw t vlu() (1qqso83jr at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. o6 vs9ohgrk8:w5 l8/mzn jt(kWhat is the effh5zrj og9/sv8:t lo (w 6kmk8niciency?

  A heat engine has an eyl tqd-e.dp :(2j,grufficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work ,.rl( g-2 jydep:qtdudoes it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 15j ijh qout 7(x8q-fl430 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exh3( j8fu-it 4ql jq7oxhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcals s3xrc+ug0w3zly )ery69ibn77oh 8l. Calculate the efficiency of each cycle.03 h w8rb 7s6us+zrycl lx7g9)iyen3o

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat 4vsx5e 6i2n1 -dfsbvneach cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate thebvi xd f4nss5n-2ev 16 work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the follow +i6bpan- *clking characteristics: combustion chamber temp+-ac* kl6ip nberature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient ej; 52vkuyyv7jngines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tj;7y vukj y5v2emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far haa f+g+ n.nc bfd1llhi. p.ltwd:z;k ;8s the following characteristics: combustion chb .:wnl;t in8d d llg+.haf+cfz;. pk1amber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of /:yfuqv dh w9ozud0 tl4b*5 (zelectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant u. +qfbx44n11c xz xxj2dsyg,gses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generateyib7*j ac b e3ix.r-.ks 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates between sty 7);ot, d+b/ecy1h3ijq lb $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theo g,yya;ek62 + (pm*w0 9*fpy dveextadretical efficiency possible for an engine operating betweenv+(eef 9x0 y2p* dkatm gywey*ap6d;, $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperatuxp vwj5fw.wb. b 9h1o3re of the cold reservoir if the tempeh 3fwbxwo.j5.bw9 vp1rature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betwd (n /diji3+ijeen $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing c c+*aplu ,y i8dxlk8h/ompartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cyclec yl 8kah+,8xi*du l/p. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at g.tc ,q z8u.*iu 6mteuthe rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a r8i *et.gczu6mqu.t u,oom per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigeratorke 6j;ddl4 5sr absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the roomd; j6red 45skl. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of i/ujvn1 .ih0)m mc6 oty 4sat.cce melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice fr sg ehbj(s-c39eezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergi o mvkokv 4qqaq-4gf*-(),ai oes an isothermal expansion and its entropy cqi v*4km-goq a4)a(,i fkvqo- hanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at qw.t ly+fj0 /s$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.