The process shown on thes t-aaot;qk9mae+o ,yu0:i+ p v/qck2 T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, therw.uh6sd 0 cym4e is no change in

  When the first law of thermod27vdf r4)q2cfy djd5* y gel.yynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in da9z:,qfw j;w9xbw *iits temperature. This pri dzwwjx,;:99f*w ba qocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to t 3*-vjcyb)83o stjj.q;ft ey 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the chan jjy* coj.bfs3 v3t tqye8)-;tge of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its or fw++b()bi7cfybe5 q ka4wv)z iginal volume during an isothermal process. The final pressure of ti7e(y)zwva5 qf k++fw4c bb )bhe gas

  An ideal gas is expanded uc9 (frrfj *hy27 t*zyh*wy tv9k3 kx6isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the *rw frk thzy67y9(hy3 fxvckj9* 2*utexternal mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly comdkeclec xj 8/:3o) n(xpressed in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundingse :odek/c3j c8 (lx)xn. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyn* oximp /+wechcg6fe(h jh(3,amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-h*fidj7 pf , 8w*kn zlv/j-a/healf its original volume during an adiabatic process. The final prw endlk/, pjfa8v7z fji*-h*/essure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one cppm5y, a7gr6 cn dk7h5eu4)frontains d ,c674)fr7gp p5nmu5earhyk $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thaiaag.x(n05i2o gxb i3 t one containsb (xgi nx5iao2g0a.i3 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram i)*z5; k:x da/w8bogetf hx(xqs an

  In an isobaric process, there i78yiw w) k c3xd-ges;dkmx,cd+e;q .vs no change in

  When the first law of thermo/ la cylksg6k17dn;gh,s f6 m0t kik.0dynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expa1;wixl 75xh llnd at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This proces7 ll w5xxlh1i;s is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred a;)u a(qdg 8osto a sample of ideal gas at constant pr;(as odu8qa )gessure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV ey 5tj gt.)x y1*vu wl:tw2mk-diagram is

  In an isochoric processd*ptly 5t+l 3k, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, 7w g02kr7ru ge$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container th.i 4o.)ekxiscs8lc 8i at cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This l.48)ic sie. o ks8ixcprocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sa9yh* lag l2q;rnqn2p) ) 2evfample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the iyr *faa)9 nqel2v) 2glq n;2phnternal energy of the gas

State the first law of thho 9 m4zaeufw1 ;ieuvd+:9te(ermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold resf5qd7d+--atzue f, n hervoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir tr :os*x8+ yq+hpfyh, wo a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Claukgwys(;:m b/1 rg 3maxsius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Du91iu ;7ve aszfring one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operatinfe19;aus v7 izg on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratiox2 6sp8xjt )hbm ,9gmq of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to b4h. ceu tyw3 l;gy0x/we 100%, the heat sink mus0h;cg.wx /uewy ty3l4 t be

  A Carnot cycle consis1 k: r7optr*nwlj)t5 ots of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement uzqmj.kh *0uf3 zs;8kp7y7dfof the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the df0r9w0 lw(mc6*bzja ratio orw(f09blw * zd0m6ac jf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as txyi65.. ,wsltaq8dwr he ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of1vjf6)qw-p9/bn*l4ysqna k h the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that ma x --t/i5jcjnay occur within an isolated system, which one- -tx/ja jc5in of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodezarto cm 36+0ynamics.

  The second law of ther:- -ah(w8dv5qeafzm-u kx ,urmodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is roeio8fg;aj s6xs;p )7emoved from an ideal gas. What is the change in;xp si 8aoj6oef7)g s; internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heac t2as7ps;/l+hxg21pigdl,4e *brk q5 v jo,s t is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work dox+4i5avrg kbo* lppd7lsc; jt,s 2 e ,hqg1/2sne in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in anab42:ezxlf o5e. lrv 6 isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal energy?2e elb:ofzr46. 5vlxa

  200 J of work is done in comprhh *rb+fi2m1qzyg 6 2xessing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal ez2mhfyb 6 +qgx*ir2 1hnergy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of won-dyl9oy :;a 8cy3 sg0ankp:mrk. What is the change iyd:g0y cps;a9:8 yklnm3 - oann internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy oirusoj4 *z )ujk .r)t9lw. k9dng24qif a system decreases by 50 J. What is)jw)u rgs l9j4.ko 49 iq*. t2rnziudk the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of alca) /b/knydc tec z)l72s8*a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exzc2aabltk* 8e7 l)cds )//cnychange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas io4 :sv:x0o8fzrjb vv.s maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. Howv0:s xvo.vzof 8rj :b4 much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J ofp8+-rr htx2nfry c1r e0,qfl* energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the samp*8xp0-1rt hqrr+r le2c ffy,nle?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of :m9sc(b za -qgwater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7004h8pwq6mw ruwf5k9ty;kk 15q0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the ef qrh6tyw8fmkw;q9wp1 k4 k55u ficiency?

  A heat engine has an e evlyw qj. e849*0n 1(cjkoiiafficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work doc1a.i4eojv0 9 (8jw keyn *ilqes it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and c5bq 1ki2u2-gq qtm4o y+*g)lw yzg. lreceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in eacog*q- my4 u)+1il2bywck5q2t .glz qgh cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat ea.- qhs6n,+le3c awj7i qk -wvxe/5qaxch cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculatel6,kcwqavs-x+7 ./q 3 -nja5we iqxeh the efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kc cjc0 ; p xv;pz)bicg -zu:6u g8kj;wc,/tm8ewal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work d wucbcug8j 86vcci)xpm g tpe;z:z jw;;k-/,0one each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followda)j8c -p)wa zing characteristics: comwjz8 acad)) -pbustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characterist qjhw +.xruhn3.tk1,xics: combustion chamber temperathh3 .qtw. jn, rxuxk+1ure = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foyunn5ma,ky- b2h /l*ollowing characteristics: combustiyon5hky-l*abn 2u/ m ,on chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of tf7sro j+* e1hqbx-- pelectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elect -+z:34n pai*t4zelqh wp1zrmric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant gen.irlh,-t a;5xgys2xierates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine whikr ymxr,r/6+9 yhd-xbch operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficm3 /es f amxv:oaj56s+iency possible for an engine operating betwes3a os +famv/ej6m:x 5en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carm:v) mp6 (ao qh7mscj7not engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if t:qpmc ovmh (j6)m7 a7she temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between2 feakt06ual :c4p 1-aug-xhi $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat 5h zcvn+b6kv+mvm 7lfb13 1eqfrom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is requiv56+m7cz hl+3bmkn1q vvf1b e red in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat pty5 /j r(1ybjfrom the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycleyjrp/1tbjy5( . What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the f o 1tkwcztiw4+84 ex5ireezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requiredtowtkxewi c44z+51i8 in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy 68ljr*k 1jqjgwhen 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezn ,kfzp(c-ms0 3z5dn 86yyozces, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP uos6k,ov5s m0u2dr e n-ndergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy ch2 0so- rmn,oesduv 65kanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at d m*zh k7 erompu,x.8+$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.