The process shown on the T-V graph is ar.bfd;w. lb1nka h1m2n

  In an isothermal process, there is no change i 6xw*6cxo w2pmn

  When the first law of thermodynamics, qmpod sqfsf, dhdt /;5ar ,(9cs4 5gn:w/et/a$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with n 2+hmgoq d r;2l:m9znro change in its temperature. This ph2lz;2 q: g9onr+md rmrocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this procerct-++t ae2o) n8ztzc ss, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of into t)+rt-8 eacn +czz2ternal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its ori-uo: zziwz(ms;3z 9fuginal volume during an isothermal process. The final pressur3zfzu wz:; i omu9-zs(e of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6u bj:mvp*:v f1x .pmruu jwwn,588m n6 J of energy uv u8n ,pvn5.6mf8j:bjxr mm*wupw :1is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Du.m; e/8* oyy1qqe wselring the event, the gas exchanged 8/ y qeoey e;s*1wmlq.no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of t e8wtt6:,.j8d0rhespz2 judxhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its .k ;)lhdg7yzqt y7 m4foriginal volume during an adiabatic process. The final prefqy7; l.4kzdmytg7) hssure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that owr: 8ok(tngdtl+ a/p wb/0t:qne contains : 0q r8(/tnpbwdtgkwt+ l/o:a$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects e,/i8vowc*c b i7tixc4 xcept that one containst8b*/o i7i,wc4 vixcc $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on thk dz )2vvs0 ;)e,kky v6fjnv1te PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no ch ;4no ylredg,1to;z7cwhlv24ange in

  When the first law of cgm+r8 2(duc6rfv 2p xthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at con9 fk*qlt2fdm7ac/y ) jstant pressure as heat is added to it. This proce) qfc2tkm7ja*9f/dly ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sw-jmn 0yi3e2gg:m + toample of ideal gas at constant pressure2+mn 3 -oegm:ji0wtyg . As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV di3dn9 fjsgv 4;4uucm )7( wl w6tsu:gicagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is vd.gpq5-7fgu n jpb/3 no change in

  When the first law of tbo3 jlv7x8 s5lhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as hea 0xd/ + 9crv0fphdknb-t energy is added to it. This procbv-dphrxc /dkn9 +f 00ess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a samplv sdf:74a,paie of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energy of dpafs:,i7a v4 the gas

State the first law of tct-n/ux u + bnx2-ykix5 2s8jihermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reserv5n bqt ,oeoe(7a ojy2.oir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservn;1)l/ol/ewzg( lr 3buff+st (v pqc5oir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of therm ot uz+onnuee-k+xq)kh9ebd0 1j15b:odynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated hes7ib6n.wtx e /re. During one cycle, how much wo.its7/ ebw nx6rk is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engin-pyg8tc 5i+* e,bk0u eixka.se is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, th9ngafit mm,1n6 4-/*irug8e -kiii xce heat sink must bng8tafu9 ,nexk 4r m-c6i-i/gi* mi1ie

  A Carnot cycle consis: j2* pzgrdm 1jgu:tn:ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law oftdukpc xqx,g 2alexdcb-f//g*2q95 4 thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigera-ktcq6js: nz q4lbrb/* ldt.6tor is defined as the ratio ofl.tjc q- lbd4n*66bsr/qzk: t

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratil6e,i: ot93 1ck zpbnycj.bac-us h(2o of

  When water freezes, th4kaofc0wf ac3d9,lmo0w 9 i.he entropy of the water

  According to the second (m,a 6j1yuyq qlaw of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one u( j,61 ayqyqmof the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the kk ;r5w aop3y.0xg 6z, cuc(qqsecond law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to .how6jhm6r 5p conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from i 9n)2+u qktpzn rl+ceu-d4f(an ideal gas. What is the change in internal eupt+dr lq )u92-fn(ci4kzne+ nergy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from x* w0*uj1nopban ideal gas. What is the work done in then01 x j*upbow* process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process isbwg1y,bo 6ed. 5oz.o p -400 J. What is the change in internal energ ozd .y.6gpeobo,b15w y?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change i08s/nx oxxq.ow1pkt /0y0cwen inx/w pcw0n0skeq0 x8 1ot /yo.xternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process whi3d .oio dbb+s2t b5h4ele doing 25 J of work. What is the ti3d. edoh4 sb2ob+ b5change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal enz;w3ul:efctt np8j/r yoikm t*x42 *: c8 lh0dergy of a system decreases by 50 J. What 0mp xec2t/f3d ** tz i;ctj krwy:oh:nul8l84is the work done?

  In an isochoric process, ti nuy8jw d:s.2he internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is thenyws uj:2 i.d8 heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant vo2 .6 vack*wed6aj q y0iz4pb(slume as it is cooled by 50 K. Ta02wpc4dsv6izq( jb a .6y*ekhis feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K 23+i b5 dihpgw)x,ftu at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the b,hi5p wt3 ug)+ifxd2sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at w::+: ni/9a coln2o3dfrca ba$80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loq4x vpqk9wnr7h 2db(jnx1m 0;ses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the eq bvx mn7r41(xnkwqpd0h2j ;9fficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of hepww b1- vad+m4xx2jxm8vv k+ a0s8w9iat per cycle. How much work does ivmxmvaa9k20-1biwj4wvswxd88p + x+ t perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and aj 2tw,n1an8 vreceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cy28jwn1 aavn t,cle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42i96ezw 4o ax-pb6h 1ax kcal. Calculate the efficiency of eacab6z4x ph o a69ixw1e-h cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle anddcbh.t 18mj/ 9j;x7onsifo)n exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each ci)n.cjox 7 fsd/bh1jmon8 t ;9ycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristicsk2dv5 h*gw1xc : combustion chamber temper*x1vd5h wkg2c ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so u ll9qvzio2 m+.wla45 far has the following characteristics: combust9aou+ .4i2llml z vq5wion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following chas3 ot (z; s+:r x8dijonv)wub*racteristics: combustion chamber tens+z oiso t3)r;*v8dujb :(xwmperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 6vx.mv6)4o:56ouuzurk qh s:p00 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW on7,m vc ro5l2a9- a, cyps3nsnf electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of el(g ha5 )jmigu4ectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency oq5n9o c7 ixt,if an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possibl4, dh 8v*a+ zfnr ofrd1sk(v3we for an engine operating between va d8, fws d1(f3h+rr4vnzo *k$100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot enkba h.qh4jp33 gine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold bkj33 4qph .hareservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betw )-c 4(zye53 -npbjgwcjo 7l;jh;sz8wgul s, been $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at tc )y/ynsu-,w xhe rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work xc/)y nusyw,-is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate ot+te( x /+jmp2: jiziof 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room perz+ im(ijte oxt2/ :+pj cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrk/*lyq0 e ktm+yns (*zigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requir *n/l 0(zkq*mes+kyt yed in each cycle?

  What is the change in enizyh jh4 6 riap/;:.e83rxgnotropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the ch m*o3k3* i;81pn dhubak/r )h:wpo7whuzjr7 b ange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at- cq71,mjf -/kx )l hzowihu,l STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropymf, l 7x, zh1khqu/w)olj-i-c changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at caqaq7j4 h dg1vfy. .0j 7eer4$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.