The process shown on t:8d:4u 6x3jxdvgb yno he T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, l*2n q1*rd zi +kktveyl1).qrthere is no change in

  When the first law of therm78ibq(o+j gxu i)d*apodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its origina ii: .bulg4eqn5ia,b;l82 (kbh zzn-rl volume with no change in its temperaturebb5z ur- ka8 ni:eh;2qi4b,l(g.z i nl. This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 201gh )e )iweu,x L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expende u))1gehe x,wid by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its origyb ed3gop h.67:j60tk5 xmomginal volume during an isothermal process. The final preojgk h :6yom0x5bg6ep3dm.7tssure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotherm jh8-*4dkndfn6 2qptf ally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that q-nd6j t k4 8f2*pfdnhexpanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed cw *f wppb(:n +iye g+t//sw5bin an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundincg(/ty sb/e*p+wp f+b: 5inwwgs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyna p28rt 8cy2-qg hqrab(mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed 5h2;lk16x o p-jxch rsto one-half its original volume during an adiabatic process. The fin 5lhjc x6roph;1k 2x-sal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except thatj5tpd o 7e0c+g one containsec 5odp+j0g7t $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects exce1hfasd )00khjxcj46t pt that one contains 0xcas h1d 4jfkt)jh60$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram iw4d (pgsvr, ir)pwl( hm)o k5+s an

  In an isobaric process, te3/b vy2*u7 +dd lhgjpo 3z7bp)z5gm qhere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, q;py *axl). ,dfoymg 09i+trb $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added hfqpt-o+1u z xl7lc +llu+l6)em.4hv to it. This process 4l+v x o.m 6-)qeuhl1cuzll p7fl+th+is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transfer.d*l9ma 7 i2 avlb4lxured to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energy of t2xlm v*a bl9ldu a7i4.he gas

  The process shown on the PV diagram iof.wa, l,h i7u7 qx,ogs

  In an isochoric process, t2 sk bme a;t a9)ri3rkm4uq7rmf+l13 zhere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamn*dv 21xeuo vuf2cn(*ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigidc.k /7f) yynv2shqbc i4b+dp/ container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Thiy 4vky72+d f qbs i/c/p.cn)hbs process is

  Ten joules of heat enerysc*r1ahr .oq9qvy3 r2w: u 3kgy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a res2:rqv3uc9 ry.1qyow*a rkh3 sult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermo7 ysdz:)9gu*: d zm ntzabbh.*dynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reser/mhaxbuk2yaux6) 71se+k gg ;voir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a ..qzmdru*q4m m kjh45hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics oe65 sm d/krx,according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, hoh(by u7.xj zu0w much work is done by an engine operating on thiszjuy. h07x(b u cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defigl,1o 8al0)fp u sc-jsned as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engi: xz:b m2n2agibv8/mune is to be 100%, the heat sink mustg b2bu/ am8xv::2zi nm be

  A Carnot cycle consists ofjfkk(p d0* z8.)rdhje

Give the Kelvin-Planck )se 7rcwn bxz sk279w8statement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (C; ;ldu,mh( wzoOP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofz(h ;odwml,u;

  The coefficient of perfor+sfm*f(a el5 8 xecr+kmance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of the wate1bjyc*y d rs098 hb)ufr

  According to the second law of thermodynap- mpp5,0 mrkemics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the ch-m rk p0mp5pe,oices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of th.o.g 9 g8(xm- fezsvxanlu.t3srb1 e7ermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodbz0ia .h4 u2.l(wqt )8ccvf+ahd8pun5 man r6 ynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed fr4dp+h ,6ldxy/aq7t guom an ideal gas. What is the cgdu+haptqld4xy /7, 6hange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat i,3e xoeoa( ji)s removed from an ideal gas. What is the work done in ie)oe 3xj(,a othe process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -40g86uz 0 *mqox5.r;n/ gzo5vr eab (jds0 J. What is eg x6nra0 * r uzbo.q;/og5j8smv(z5dthe change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas pt03khxlng fs .ati)(3: 6nefadiabatically. What is the change in internal energy o gxta (6ip).nf 3 tslnfh:e03kf the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What i gb *l/:b5odvis the change in internal e*oig :bbv5d /lnergy?

  In an isochoric process, td6xrfcs 3n 1: bd/tvac irfealx;2h6n9c0)f.he internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What :dc9svl a2 cfd3t;.0n66h rrf bxef i1c/n)axis the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a syfxp-+5p y( oqtstem decreases by 50 J. What isytx f (+-opp5q the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is ml+d uhl v-.lt2i7tf: iaintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How mucv2.hil i7dll -t:tf+uh work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy7-5ndn( fs)md s: yi ip8ax.ve is removed from it. How many moles ofi)-pnm idv: sy7xnf(a 58e .sd gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water3nl9 5qa o;d+f qfu*vh*jk me8r 4c2sn at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. y hwyyf ygypo ,qv9pza7*a+p2 q yx;i, +.;rr) What is the xy ya+v+;phz ,9wyyq2iop;) rfy,.* aprqg7yefficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiencucl( e.a4kn-7 y pd7-wbxxpz( y of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much .x bdaup--w kce4 nl(z y(7xp7work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and 2+m s -b ch9+glfkmau*receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heatm a-bg2fukmch+ + l*s9 does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhau(+1mqwz opxvp0m 3d ;ksts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiendwv1;pxo (qm0mzpk 3+ cy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calkdc )/p60qi* pe7utyjpo4c,iculate the work done each cyclcpdj ieo c0iyt/p, )k4up*7 q6e.

  One of the most efficient enginvid 2649g imkdes built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber i2vgk4dim9d 6temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engin a6 vedog kiq)yeitoh(+892v/es built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temper/vv68oye9qek 2dii g+)(at ho ature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficiq4yz uzykk-4beww:2 7hf t:/hent engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chambw :ytfk4zyzhw k:-q/ 72bh4e uer temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gj 06 u*tbubfj, vr43ofenerates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The pl lc6rke cujw/ t,vxxiz029:8e ant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant u :mwau4s4iv:w ses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of a)-6:2 wqsk av bbe3v8fcly*e dn engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible fo mk2nks-hg )*6euny j-r an engine operating betweejuem2nn k-*kh 6s)yg-n $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is5ogdk+bo cl /nc+ /5tq6;tlnz the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoi;5 bozt/n+c6noc+l5d /l gqk tr is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating*n1af- lanidm v 4rtw,l (r(y+ between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ egmw*xzaz.cf w+5 h c bo63n2l3e:bl6and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. 52a eghe lm boc xflz zw6+n.6:*w3c3b How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thn4zqaq6v5 cn 9o9 x6wze freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and eqcx6v5z a99nq6n 4owz jects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation m:v zish:zg-9bbo 5ma01:iyb1 fhr89;o n kcv, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requiro vhzh1s998vi 0ik:a m ocbznr;5by- :mbf :1ged in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy ru23 c4vojak t(ww odk2ybo0c7z5/b:h3bf 9twhen 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in9nfvbp(b20 x/uj)/v gqd :1gwfrh8l n entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes .hyoro4z8-n( 5m utdjq z5 *yuan isothermal expansion and its entropy changey-4um5.(5yutojzn*q oh zd 8 rs by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at p0i*pb, t-zeu$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.