The process shown on the ar 0s5*klj12yy ms2bhhl-j: e g-a li,T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no m00n+ wp j03npt/x nrychange in

  When the first law of thertl8te34fq0xo hr 7nqw; qby8/modynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its temp8ku2q f:6lnht yxcf3 7erature. This proce738q2flfy xk nhu c:t6ss is

  An ideal gas is compressed 7hf4fx8v j ,ln9ec *6sqsosz4 isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What isv4qszn cjs6sff7xl4oe ,89 * h the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume q 8gs g3 +.jhwp.xzep4during an isothermal process. The final pressure of hze p.js .+qxgp3g48w the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this proqx*vi *fb3hw,cess, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. fh* 3xb, qwiv* Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an is/qz1bnx: xn/4 ,8zxxemjf 8 ryj*i5cwolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surrounc5ijmrxjx 8z1fqb xxy4 / /z:ne*nw,8 dings. This process is

  When the first law of thko/-u w 9wj+hhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed torj:k f0ydr18h one-half its original volume during an adiabatic procesj yrk8:1rfdh0 s. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one conta ,b/e)ik2mbh*ks ,i+ab*lpdi oeh u.5ins /bi5 ahiol+ k,k ) ed 2spm.,behbu*i*$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects kcq1g-u9i o0d),hsjhlxb zhac. 0.-1zga m4nexcept that one contains h bxo9..sc zggh mczqai)-4a1-0, hnu10jlkd $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is . njg/eqbw.6b6 5bnzuan

  In an isobaric process, there is no change-6q:7q jbk:c)on gmnr in

  When the first law of dv jq 8i);w5ckthermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat isa *(ua c3/ba p+zrts3l added to it. This process /( upa zbc3ar*3+ts alis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant (poaqf cv1(, opressure. As a result, the internal energy of1a v(of p,(ocq the gas

  The process shown on the PV 9 d) 0bw,g2f+pqziqz*hr(sek diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change6 k(re1xc h-mc in

  When the first law of g e4sn4u-u8wk4 ji 7 2tkxluu4thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rir3r v;r7 kh) wa8) ym(rxdhv1agid container that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. Thi3)d yavm18(rh rvwkr 7xar);hs process is

  Ten joules of heat energy arekt)a 3erbi82 (.z 3zvacn-ma c transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energ8.imz t2k(v3-za) eaa cbn3cry of the gas

State the first law of thermow,y*9n tjb4 uadynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a3pdbl1-sgr6;e(8 co*s mx x)q b+abdn cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heayhp8xwfv 5lyh; *: c )ypowi)(t from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics accorj - zsqv+md fu9+:mc41v, k3sf-3nhhh1d scvh ding to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated hecjd-z.0kur+4zt z pa3g9xp/ o *ydqv56izy i3re. During one cycle, how much work is don ru59iyztcpp-0+dq iz/o vg6 *ykazz3d 43jx.e by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defigq7qan74axc;ql9 l ,kzs +i )tned as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of ,zo3bn :ess1;r jnfi.a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must b1fj b;znson:e 3s,r.i e

  A Carnot cycle consis.bf4bqa+8rtb9 k 3vy gr9if1 sts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the sec1yaw pwaa 8 )dyi.gpe 8-*43nsl6ynel ond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is dam ce v92j1wq/efined as the ratio ofwcq 29ajem/v 1

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio /kxw m*xq1+rr (kfa*bof

  When water freezes, the entropy of mj2 ). au(lobsf(aseb t ;omd3l88lp4the water

  According to the second law of g *x osolnngj/+43q7jthermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choices appl/ 4lq* gnoo3gn7+xsjjies?

Give a general statement of the 97:n(siak2fp yp:qtcsecond law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamezq;u d nhn*28oo 30alkps-p8ics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal proces*r cog3o(wvf +s, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in w+c3(*roofg v internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of 8p 13 pmc:vahkmrh2r;lq2tcvu c(x/8 heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the work doh:2pa3cqvr8 p28rc(1cx htv/;km ulm ne in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. m*qz rmpmz 0m.+,+fz i What is tz,i.fmrpzz+m*0mq +m he change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas ad v69.5 urptxq4n,nuapiabatically. What is the change in invt ua4,9 pn5q .6purxnternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while hm1bmu 7q9anp4hl8l3 doing 25 J of work. What is the changm 9pballhm7n8 qhu34 1e in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal enercge 8ee9pu 9g7o; ony4gy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work decneg;94 97o8geu oypone?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreaseg/t cipnb/r6eymx kz(w9/zb et(9q1.s by 50 J. What9bq6mtktr.g/ 1( /e nz9ewpy(b/zci x is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volum7-smkbc;xgi j2xl , t5e as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J 7;i cb 5glx, skmx2t-jof energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at e,ltb)alkrvqi5-,x . e76j6la iaouw60ss c1constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from -cile,l1j)ra6to5x ki6.a 7ab w,06e uslsvqit. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water hq+kw9vc . ce3at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and3c0bvpbl )+nf qq3/u r loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the effic bp3q)3c r/f+unqvlb0iency?

  A heat engine has an hu/-sskaiyemlw5+zn ro9 c92/ ehx8)efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform ik9az/mhs2-hio 58 +lcry une/s9 ewx)n each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and rec1 n;,zc;jjr qweives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle? rwqjn;,j z1c;

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heqv4aij (y:rjd8* a,atnmuv l6)s2+se at each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the efficiency o 8l2av+q)s :tyv4* mjd6a ai n(ue,rjsf each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cytb )y +z;kojh/cle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work donh /+;kzot)yj be each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far jwt8 *g+eqj(tn,+lovfy -7ephas the following characteristics: comq+w7-*yt,jjl + enevfop8gt( bustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficp0: /uebmayr6ient engines built so far has the following characteristics0bm6 y re:ap/u: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engine3w58hdpqm ; sjs built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chqp hms35 ;w8djamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The k4)ve,j xx,sq d gd)s.plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWqedv 3k7 q13+i0zaypq of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant u1, my.xyda3t2v-hayf ses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates betwee7h fcb(. lpf)en $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency wkg 0tjue/;k;s8 nr2g possible for an engine operating betwe/0kkgtgwes r;8j2 u ;nen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine ie ;tc)t2ml.yfo m7l7 l l0:vzws 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if tlmemlf :vlt2w.;70 yc7o) l zthe temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatetf1 g61 xfgz0ing between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezi,uasj n:-z a/g h60okd(e 0yhlng compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is requir j0h d6zhl (agas/uy,e:k0no-ed in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes kqakia5+ -s:s heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a qka5sa-sk i:+room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of opera;+p4 +;tf2qug mub7g b:huofwtion, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat;u:uo4w ph 7+f+ u; bqgmtgf2b to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when gj97z 28t* dqkq 06 pjryt.kwi50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy ., nw)9dp fp6z.mxj .mel;vrm is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its ent*w18td-/j w ypd)fri gropy chandj-) gt f* 8dww/ripy1ges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at dgb f-7;tnlb /$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.