The process shown on theqg fut 99g(hn3+a iv6f T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there istuf-(h -pelx* d1je29 vpap. p no change in

  When the first law of therm t7 4 nvncgeu3k/zh6,dodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vomc6l i*.g 6xxd +.uf7u;dho-xlphd ,ulume with no change in its temperature. This process6h;g-o.x ux ih7f+pd.6dx*m lucu dl , is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During th/53dw4skbu3wqa dck(a c c*q /is process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the exqw/adwac qc4c*3b d(k35us k/ ternal mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its orip xudw;t6 )vwy)+rwm s. rp*r/ginal volume during an isothermal process.v)w; rr*.w tm+rp)y /6pwxdu s The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. 7:gh, n zyp:,mdvg)1pykiwclr ( 2) xsolz1 k8During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the ex1s1 z8wixk:y2 (nc) r,plpd)vkggy:h,z7molternal mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed0poshk ,i t2ino,,3 bv in an isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This p,0,ipv b son,hk23oi trocess is

  When the first law of t8f y4. dfqf-hyrk.r;b hermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half i-mbdp3-e asi,7bkwui83 3bvt ts original volume during an adiabatic process. Thpa e3 sib,-uv83m7d-t b3ibwke final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one c1ws20wij 4ff rontainsifw4 102swrfj $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of g lfq; ;w0a-efgas identical in all respects except that one contains al;fqe;f g -w0$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is0lt dm 8)abto4 an

  In an isobaric process, there is no chang wj0d8 yij9y1aifxqfw;3 1v +xe in

  When the first law of thc cw6yabn*-; fermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as0rhc+yn;tg 0cri14l (ns lbp* heat is added to it. This prgb(itsn1hrclry; cnp0 *l 4+0ocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a lqgtw )c:,h,c3 w/hs n) o:shusample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internc:h)ls u/3, qoh cn,sthg )ww:al energy of the gas

  The process shown on2 j*y i0if:j hg;ii;re the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change ut /kos t7tj,+e47yw hin

  When the first law of thuf aq2:0f8ssw mtt65 termodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy is adde,o vuk9u;n )qfxi6 dc2ra,4ur vik9ruua 4 ufcx6, ro) q2d;n,d to it. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transfer(1hnkc 4dprm4 red to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal enerphd m( rk414cngy of the gas

State the first law of thee) :ceq ;ebn,th+s h- sn-v0y0knwqa .rmodynamics.

  Is it possible to transynd gma3kf -6+fer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to ab7 yjn3 o4n9-uukbh x0 hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to gek fd d 8 3cdm8.0lf1i:ww/rjClausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. Durp2hg q e.l7(kukq; . ngbs6sc,ing one cycle, how much work is done by an engin .(7e.gqpgs c,unbq;6hslk k2e operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heatb,eq0s,anc 8, q* ,k:c nkzbcy engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 1chm 0zwuk- )s+00%, the heat sink must b zhckm )s-uw+0e

  A Carnot cycle consisty-3nj:b :v.qh,ogu gdcppa 5 *s of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the sez; xb t4digj d52b-kg7cond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as b vg ))3u+igp*vs brkh,,g.githe ratio osb*g)pivk v,g.i3 urg +gb,) hf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the z jq5g/j c31. gho)/lhzid:orratio of

  When water freezes, the entrh,;bu p z8ff5wopy of the water

  According to the seco6syvyr:xg6e (/ gl73h3*xw j4jx.ai /z qpjkind law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolatedg.kyz/3pl3gi6j 7(x/ehjisyx* awjvr q6x:4 system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of nrp 3u ff v.*bl,alol-n1.qp6 the second law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude 8-g.o) uaa; b pbykkb;y:nu*zthat

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is rur4 t7b qsh4 m16xc8;jr5rojp emoved from an ideal gas. What is the change cxmr r4sj6 5jprq o u;817b4htin internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideasq;-qoor7o mp* pw3a5l gas. What is the work done in the process?3ow*5-ppq qa mso7or;

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is f2, hxbp s/8mv-400 J. What is8mbhvp/s x f2, the change in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the crpp gg) 0(at9yhange in internal energy of t(arp yt9 )gg0phe gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic proceyijx/6 3 8jmgcss while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internal energy?6i/cjyx8g m3j

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy ooo.ato( esk nv,3 ,pbx5l6+fa8l wi*b0qc uc: f a system decreases by 50 J. What isbewuc +*axnktiq(a,p sl ,.v0ocofol358b6 : the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by n j qeg+,;zot550 J. What is the hee; tjngz ,oq+5at exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintai la24 2i p2 8ld5mwcdudqmg2x)ned at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feqx2g52dcmpwl da8iu d)2m2 l4at is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 Jc/ nfyj/i(e q- ,civq4 of energy is removed from it. How mai/ ein(4j/,yc q fcv-qny moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water y;c*z(.cn1xp fhj,r: hdnb0aat $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is t(v:2nux 6rbqg 2ew 1ujhe efficuwv6 uj2 x1 bqre:2g(niency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 358o igx4a3q l 7d0m7rfi.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perglo3rm 0 7d48qfxi7i aform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150am 478k .io) w(yrnq7vtj p;dr J of heat per cycle. How much he;nyptmj(d7o rqrk4.8wa7 )viat does it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Ca8lxb ,e8xgeiphn 7+x yu7us0yj3 nm87lculate the efficiency of eapn 8,yhuxg3e mebx ujs 07788xi+yl7nch cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kc.h5g-zchj6r oal. Calculate the work done j .-oghc6h 5rzeach cycle.

  One of the most efficientyugle 9n;xk(- engines built so far has the following characteristics: clknx9 - ue(gy;ombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engina 8hh s )fpa.jyycf5y)hzp3+7es built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber7+5hycfaay)s8h f3yz )jhpp . temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristicrrx5w *m*wl*; 0/ ijbxwpw5y os: combustion chamber temperature = pi xwrw m**5b l5wr*jw0x;/yo $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant us-9hti0d-sr i3kbf d.nqt9 m)g es $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plalyay7/v5,s7 qdg)ev;; pol zdnt uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant use/47rtthptyj 2 s $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operate/3ky2 cwv yswb e:ygp,9o(;bls between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical e5/47mvq5i))k1dwd jbnmxwg m fficiency possible for an engine operating betwee)w1 d/) x5 qwmkinbmjgd 45v7mn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a ri b5j/tq;z, pCarnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reseib tjqpz 5,/r;rvoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between n/cv 6r burlx (/z2)ym$40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from t0q .8hs s x4k0ubg;bvthe freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required utbssh04gb; kxq0v8.in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rat iuctrec1)3ot e4gs- 7e of 20 kJ and eje)7 oet- stcciu4er1g3cts 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operao ;ax22qcnhmjb1zs:9 -ywy d gp+u02ftion, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much workw9o0usm hz- :p2;y+dnc1afjx bgy q2 2 input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice mel+gtbx3qtobxv x uw4lm0.4 8(wt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice free-1mn9r; bqajnj: pe)czes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP u7anik mu8rpxo6h6z,64 b hf3y ndergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changeoxu a4h7,z6r inf h6p6m8k 3ybs by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 1ij+ sr1,+yeqcgc9am $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.