The process shown on theqpqfr(((t)7 :f 8oliy ccsq5eas 8l(p T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal pro2 q/3mj mxnpd+cess, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicdrhb2i79 lrc; 7i .ncus, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original 9s90st fhag.5y/es fe u/ ,gegvolume with no change in its temperature. This procesy9 ssh.a,9/fe 0efegt s 5/gugs is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 202w/osc 1n1lu z L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy f/c zs2 n11wlouor this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half (dcwqy4 f 12;hm1zfo pits original volume during an isothermal proceq c24hmfyd po;(1fz1w ss. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isotherj ,lm6jhr 46d-7 bgpbm0sxx)i:hkb*y mally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements ikbsbxh)ig6y :0b4x7pjh-j * 6d,lrmm s correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. Duringodmy).t:9k 9wgc ck 3 9uwkui6 the event, the gas exc:k9dcc3 iu.gtk) wok9y mu6w9hanged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of ther 81i- 8.rt) lsdiwytlzmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its ojs6s a4 ,fw(gdriginal volume during an adisawdf ,j4gs6( abatic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identicalh2.gx/e al.js n0ns 6u5r:9gvd ;*rwtpjooj7 in all respects except that one contains 0ogrwt5* . ghjd9e.;na su:v6o7p/l2sxj rnj$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas id+ae hjp lk5w,7pkb9sf066i9i wnz6ybentical in all respects except that one contains shk0,p5nle6 waiz6bwf p+i76bj9yk 9 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is/ ami182wctyw an

  In an isobaric process, the;/tvks5 jps jm is*ftn:89e*rre is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynazg di,f r(3gjr 8icmt+ t2ji,e8e:to /mics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constan ja,u 4,i;rpd:m6jxu sf;n0 nct pressure as heat is added to it. This process f;d:s i6,xr,ma ju0 ;4p cjnnuis

  Ten joules of heat energy are tvwphb2 sw9u72ransferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. 2wh9 2upwv7bs As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagrairvx1 p,1;ecr m is

  In an isochoric proc 5j:y-g(2; npi 5facycgrrlu4 ess, there is no change in

  When the first law of t84g/rhlxucag h22 x, ryh2rj .duh68rhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as heat energy inc abcsa,;l-o * m-me7s added to it. -cm-m ;,saco*e7albn This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of6hjt p ahd+46f ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal+p46ahj df th6 energy of the gas

State the first law +ij4, snap.nvof thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot blp3q)6dff 8lc/k sq,9i so w9reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transf7mg2pka3:3bko; fv8; kzqo zur3/k rher heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermod cg,l(:/5*ycs jbu mwwynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illuv b ig;g6bpt*hfu/ 55zg b;y:jstrated here. During one cycle, how much work is5: b5up b;yibz fg*;jvhgt/6 g done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the rj+y9it6ele3 b jjzuf02pm u ,4atio of

  If the theoretical efficiency ogftfj :6q8+qbf a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must b6 fqjt+8gf q:be

  A Carnot cycle consisee 6 n)m1tzps )l:cj jp5gvm4;ts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of tgft;c,mo9a+ shermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performaq lw *mo+9.n/p68u cgenba+f l5b0zmjnce (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of *m p c5/6jgz8lo+bfm9lena.wbnu+q0

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the bf;yx59xc2w1j bzyg mj2q:cz* /:jtq ratio of

  When water freezes, tra c +zltcj. mv;x( p8wmuljz1 fi034+he entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur-(vcklmx3 czne zcl5.5bwo .; within an isolatecnb5l(. czv-5 z x3c.eolmw k;d system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermothi;4g-h0 sfne t49wmdynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics l;ejao8tc d *v 3jr0b/b 2zz)dl5ww gt/eads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal proceb+biu7ooix/ f ./aoh4 fbh2 8tawii2+ ss, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What ist fba2fio o+wbai8xh.uoi+ /h b 7/4i2 the change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idealpc mw dham*9 sox)*kl65s ;k5k gas. What is the work done in tklk ods*ksc 9w)5 x*maph;m 56he process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system inj xhf+jspgur93qx t 9u,-5i2j an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in internal e932i- urs jg9xu+j j5qxf,pthnergy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the cpwp7c4 :g7rb:usbd l ;hange in i7:l p7 g burb;:c4wdpsnternal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of work. What is0se tj3s. v0 y8(:nutjabg q9j ths j 03jjb( s n9q0.y8tua:evgte change in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal enerbmmh/.kk9: /l pwgkj qz *1g 6mbg;x-fgy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is theb .9;1lzb: gmgm mk/xgp-*k6fjhw/q k work done?

  In an isochoric procesg3 y9 0.x qej13gujxyqs, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the hejq3yq 93ygg.1xxuj0 eat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant vorbhskk; 8y0b +lume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is ks;0 ybrb h+8kaccomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K /reqcm a+8q 5yat constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in /8mc +rq qy5aethe sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of wz6,)5, yta /y kgfq2i7 t cuccpd9viz:w(gdo/ater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and lozapmeum8bt0 7 gs.(y;6pb9f l ses 3000 J in each cycle. What is ty(l.9ge pm8;6 fpmtb 0bau7zshe efficiency?

  A heat engine has an effic:f/t su- +3lhlfb1itgiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much :h/lgf-t3u fibl st 1+work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and recefkbb;i8) e1 opives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does i bp;kobe)8f1i t exhaust in each cycle?

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  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcalnirc w, *vo+i6. Calculate the efficiency of each cyclori +w,v*ni6c e.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. C3qylj--i4c ac alculate the work done ec3q-4- iyj claach cycle.

  One of the most efficigiwkp ( 3 oyrdqdmn41h ::22:fq zkmk.ent engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperaturdz.q1 3y::hk: mkfqgrn owdmi2k(4 2p e = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charac jh5mqw3da(f+teristics: mdjf+ah (35w qcombustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following characteristga,en ob+n pt(( drg47ics: combustion chamber temperature = 4a t(rbpd,e gon+(gn7$1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of el5 4wovmergt (. zs)/adectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The paaag8tx/138faa /ma j6ns eh/lant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MWhmmhq1l.7 y65/la pqx of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine whi6lebu8 ft *9*98jwpd7i f pflich operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible fo*hmw6e.n j sw6n(t qipq:j,y :r an engine operating betweyp jwij: *s: ,ne 6tw.hqnq(6men $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot va71cgj(, alzengine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservo1(7vac,zg aljir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweenj xb -,iq)nr/gf/fb ;du/3weg $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the fr zwu5yqgw9w hdcb 708zfh+e20eezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cychu2qwg7dzh +ewc0y 9f8zbw50le?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thhux6us. xp*d ktgx;)6 e freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of pe*;ksuux) tp66. xxh gdrformance?

  During each cycle of operat4+ x os-sz xtzx+5wkq(ion, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freeze 5+ 4tzx(xswkzq- osx+r and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g0q908 e 8nhw9r 5tah ply4myas of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes( 3m su5djg2y4 2hth2*vndmrg, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an iso5migg 6apl83o3bz 8tkthermal expansion and its entropy change6zp t33il8a ggkmo58bs by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at 7(mym43vy hx4 zupl8g$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.