The process shown on the ,(;-azbsxcj q T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change in0e,m cm. zilv;4 )gmpk

  When the first law of thermodynamics, hgx dag(f;h v3qd:es,-;u yoo.-y z/p $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volumv59c o 2rnhryk3 /vqvwt(qp56e with no change in its temperature. This process np5 yw(ro5c3 hkvrv6v/q9 t2qis

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Duris3x gj wp6up20ng this process, 6u xgs6wj02p3p .0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during an isotherma810orr os4 kw2xzc 7pkl process. The fin kc0ro78xks ozpr41w2al pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 12a v+ajwb/uf 40*h jfeoayj9qb ;m9f30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism thaf+1b*fw4a hvubj0 99m2ya ;jofqjae/ t expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isob6r87uznzh6,5 m lubdf m,,vhlated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This process isvhl, bznb8 ,zhfd7m5 u,6umr6

  When the first law of therdg0 l o,k +;zymnow+3 +hi wyc:qqe89 3-xrksmmodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume duf6jm v erx:dtp2x , tw4ahdel+9+o /i 309kwubring an adiabatic process. The fia3ui9:6w fr9tvdkj,e xe2 h+lxbtd/+m 4p0wo nal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects ju3q2qh/t,xsk lk; :zexcept that one contains;tzjxsh ,3/:2kuql qk $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects exca 1q 1do;1se kid3t6msz+5;zsbrr 8t yept that one contains 1szzi8m rsk bo;31dr1d5ye+;s t t6 qa$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagk b,qeo+nbyn4pz )+g/ram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no4bddzr +b 0cz1bzc-/ 5,be*egxst( wa change in

  When the first law of th,cvinvgc mry m. c2 )q96cd08bermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expahuy(o xf0t5*mh 0jc9ha j7w5bnd at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process 0 5(bh0wo7cyah*u5t mf9hjj xis

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constan3kf56j vu r43lnylq 3tt pr3l3 rv qfju 634ly5tnkessure. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV d -hfk8ptx5y6liagram is

  In an isochoric process, t btrjp9l5w88ihere is no change in

  When the first law of therm:eg aftdve ia7 *ajl/iy-,51q odynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container :ho1i der9l9y that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. del:199ry iohThis process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal1-8 bpf6qj m :hr,+*w qvfxxdt gas at constant vol-h, fj+dq1rqxf tv6*wb8x:pmume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermo m5d *tu vb;okyp3t13rdynamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a h0 y op od+/.ospz+uv)iu7qh,hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold r hgg1shy20 iq*eservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according t ki;lc-:9mru mo Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated her3gsk**usry 6dh 1z3 upe. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine *urug 3d 1py*6 shs3zkoperating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined a tfueelc-s(p 0e-paln 9djz-yw/,4 7oblj4*rs the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 10hg;ke*97 +u azj3 jalu0%, the heat sink must;jla+7 uz kjua9*gh3e be

  A Carnot cycle consis,p geztdfo7c02.x5yyy2 r,xhts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynami0wcppqtw m39 -cs.

  The coefficient of performancewq krw qs1rk x,kic7t)61*xs) (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of61t 7r*) x krswisxw )kqc,1kq

  The coefficient of performa gfjuu;rs)6c( hx m.b q+dor2,nce (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy woh)bhg lnp:8 g7 vb4,oy1wccy8 h,f3 of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamin39lwt *3 .fnjzp/ivlbm7f s0 cs, for any process that may occur with.tn3 l 0bjfpwi9mf3v/n *l7szin an isolated system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the seco 9b,9 g(t*czky. ka8urrtc0mnnd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of therp--ersdal m + 2jm;/; u.uru7pn jrt2rmodynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from alea hh 8dg.p8;n ideal gas. What is the c8ea8pg; h.dh lhange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is r( f0xwe; cmzfub.t(;gwl-;w hemoved from an ideal gas. What is the worwtcu(;g( ; l-whx z ffw;bm0e.k done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What i l1qe+hr-/mzlcdv oe5vc, .2l6 p 8ydos the change in i zo r,m6+l82 plvcvheycddo1.5/leq -nternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. Whtb o4d:x--mipt/t wj8at is the change in internal energy of mbidw oj-/t:p -4x8ttthe gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25*, mig,6rtxtde+uqr q jp5d7. J of work. What is the change d ,g6,+rq* xrptiemd.5t q u7jin internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases9 -gik5oz)n;i k ok0q l d;k(jdr-k/ss by 50 J. What is the work dor;k-;zo ksi o)d /q5ji0 (nk gk-s9kdlne?

  In an isochoric process, the internal ene (wqzyhv.92nlqbx*jeqx 2 n*5j qf6h4rgy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchangeqv.nhqlxj5b(qhnq42*ez6 9wj2fy* x ?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume ason24azh(0 iim 2s ly9hw;xo6s it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accompl 09sniz(i hm6 ya;x2oowl s4h2ished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energ;5m 9q1v.z0 ugf tthr)wjj/ngy is removed ftju ./ zqthmn0gjfg;w51r 9)vrom it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0r j)*mu 96c2cbk8,khfg(, lllsm4anu kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7008rudak1x8 6ecia ) dx/0 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiencd /)id aa cxk88uxe6r1y?

  A heat engine has an xb b9rn g 1qz.6m+eppy7 mud,gro0r1. efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in eachdg7pur196n1bgb,r 0rqm.p m y ox .ze+ cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives w,mzu/,bu1r e150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does r,mbzeu1 ,wu /it exhaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Cal5uz8-me(y9;or o p2 ozm gn,jcculate the efficie,m o2ounj(z5ey;-co98zrg mp ncy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cyclvskc gypdj2/xs+sv 6q78/l4pe and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate 8qg4 l2k7 cvs+pssxjyv 6 /dp/the work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the : c;og*a)rl7smd81 vcijlnj 7ldi-u* following characteristicsm o7i:8*gnujdj;c v*a)sdli r l -1lc7: combustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so pe)vm21ze st 9/cni/w far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature i//nmw9v 1pee2) cszt= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the foll bg*rp(g.w 8y** b ojau.txc8uowing characteristics: combustion chamber t*ru.x w*.j(gtbyubog *8p8c a emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant genecbucyhd a),)s, 3vs k*rates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generateut 85 w9ia;opefk /no 9k3ue1xs 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.lj em6gwxgzb .q/-;4bg0qrhn32 esl: The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot effi u((gv8aave(+-pwazpr7o :ly 1fo4 qxciency of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum +s-k bdt26q9 dolpqd4theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating betwe-ltd2q9dd+4k 6 qbsop en $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the coldq4f/ey0jla3 o ms (e,z reservoir if the temperature of the he0jl(yqe fao/,43szm ot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betf 9xv/oek1 y8wween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes e:yrf0+c y, g.mws l0m,(gtboheat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 :,(g ,ew0ofg0mb c+. mtsy rylkJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rai vb8t,yw1k- lte of 20 kJ and ej8yl1ikb tv, -wects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absor+ 3rsd zjrc66hjq y50bbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input idbq56sh6c +3 jjrr0zy s required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy whe-q (za0fqfwoatq(a4(i z7ca; n 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, .mwo wn/6rt8e the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoey;obol e: 6u0a 1cjx(is an isothermal expansion and its entropy c;u l6o 1:i (jaox0ybechanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ;p4g0za6p ezp(u e/ kvlo4 8eo$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.