The process shown on the T-V graph isy0q mm umtrsc7l*wqw+l9/x+/ an

  In an isothermal process, there is no qoa6thte t:4fxzsv8xf5 * (/ fchange in

  When the first law of thermqnk1j 9b2wk 3e7bwfi;xs 1:weodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original vp)dc ,.:e(cl pi 0le1u5)hoqknnu-ruolume with no change in its temperature. Thisl1cc0eruue:h p uinp)q5dk(- )nlo ,. process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L tuq-ygo:4 dx; mo 20 L. During this process, udoyx:qg;- m4 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compre4;.c;lfaso n( /vazi kssed to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The final preszsio/4nafvc k(;.;a lsure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During c3epm t 392lngthis process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the fom 23ct e9g3nlpllowing statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment7kh,0 pkw)6j ,ee npoj. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with itsnkh ew0, pkejj67)o,p surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodyt;6p hemcph ,t- ni,ugorw9/3namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its6hj6mhu4d1 g8m 7cxr i original volume during an adiabatic process. The final press78m g hr1cm64ihxjud6 ure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas idmhic)vi33 7 plentical in all respects except that one contains vhmc7ip3)l3i$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all a:hr :dhvt 5iu1*cy st(x9 +:zkrbva5 respects except that one contains h (hv+:rs55ay*i1zbvux r:9 d k:ctat$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram e , lqhlrc)ekl 50;jei 4hrz0c:4 4iayis an

  In an isobaric process, there is ngwko41 lg c.6ao change in

  When the first law of thermodypnsd/ xezbwwl ,)240y namics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand-ad;rhstz l61 at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This process isrl;1adzs-th 6

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas aduw5a*k-da9e t constant pressure. As a result, the interawa5 dd u*k-e9nal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the (6fhp9(w vktk PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, thermg;ff:0q q wc2e is no change in

  When the first law o9+u 0r(hf.is mdf9j gqf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid contaihgo5 8rg/ h1q2 (ye saq)iqgz.ner that cannot expand as heat energy is added to it. This process sggy8.qgaqz 1eo/hri) 2qh5(is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a samplpb r/0tbes4g )e of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the inters b40pe)t/b rgnal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynam*( iya3jc: kfeics.

  Is it possible to transxa zi8at9c 98;b*sj pdfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from ( rl86tzws/sgntx e /jx7h8u.a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to Clausius6fyqldoh95 ccap :r0qcoj7gk h)- ,w, i0pf d+.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustra*bkf ck7a+ hei:e/2mwted here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an engine operatingh* eb/cmk f:k2ae +7wi on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is e+ddq199rz vi h1xu( udefined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to b7 w7tyhyju/qwm e: wr52 (uw2le 100%, the heat sink must bey725w72mrh /juwl tu(: wqyew

  A Carnot cycle consists z jkw0d xt.z+ik3,dw;of

Give the Kelvin-Planck state pqok5wj(n16o8 +essement of the second law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP)bg jmvifs7dqmz s0d6ys.2 j9x; 5 g/b7 of a refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofyx0gbz .5qi6vdf77ss9j 2 sdm mb/ ;jg

  The coefficient of perforp7 ah91ca c0vs51x sqfmance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of tyinv:3a cmu,)zf0 x+o he water

  According to the secondrz /nf;ka vhb4kyhehxb :e t;u2(( 8+f law of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which one of the cho r/ha8b;u ;tb(hvz2e:f(+4 kyenxkfh ices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermod0l4l: c7r0 6ombuqk gfynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads u wqf l.+d)woj)*tn6m5qsgw*v s to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal0 2 0gib 3mr2cb3k n spbium8pyq5:ha+ gas. What is thrmmib3pn0 5g h2sb au 08qybck2i:+3pe change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is reb /f vq(rm+/yzjt+,iup v8g 5omoved from an ideal gas. What is the work done in the bvfq+,/u vt8/mijp g+r 5(yozprocess?

  The work done on an idew.a o hp791 avw:pzt5wal gas system in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in in97wa 51hwwot.:pap z vternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. jd if0m, fs6,imz(:ki What is the change in interna0z jsmf:i6 m,f,idi k(l energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabati4u.l prw) 5b6h cvif *-xc+xq+3eaedmc process while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internalc dm+6 4+i cefu5ea.l-xqb)w3h* vx rp energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50/s)/a6qn ;rbif xs +ud..xd oz J. What is+. srd.o n6fx)/qad;x/bz uis the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a systemxwxr,(-8( zd g ddll- zdcd2y( decreases by 50 J. What is(rc d- 2(dgl-zxl8zd(d,dxy w the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume aowa(5 q8p7 dlys it is cooled by 5(8oq yw 7pald50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volumn :82ux5 ascxyhu(o m/e when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the samns/x hyuao8mx u2:c 5(ple?

  A system consists of 3.0p- ohje/+zxpd:i7xq*teg k 456,ix rh kg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. /72k4ccw - t8;ghmqh:q7 zgh;ullhrbWhat is the effcr7hh4:8bhw-;qg h27cklz/ mlq utg;iciency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J ofehqv.ska;e51c/(yk,qd q p9m heat per cycle. How much work deq( a /q y5kkdhp9v.;1me, cqsoes it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of hz ,p0l;j4c3 )ejwhp v fcwa6(geat per cycle. How much heat does it exhalc3wjhjg0c pvf6a(,p;w 4ez )ust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 qd s+l 5o7kjh, qm/,.a. gzgxrkcal. Calculate the efficienj 5amr,7/,d.g gq+h olkx.qsz cy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat 7zza/ f47k r( p8z/djslhbg3o each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyc 7zsfzjab7(gz34/do8lkr ph /le.

  One of the most efficient engines builtyc26zelj ( q-e so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber tee q6zjl-y2c(emperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has z ii b,g:4b m0z)clxhaf. z.7hthe following characteristics: combustion chamber tempera i. zimzcl:fabhg)0z . x4h7,bture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followik/hcr f32+ tocerwq +sxa1,2ulsk9 y(ng characteristics: combustion chamber temperature e 3/k 2+,2qs+u h (ylx1tcc9raowrfks= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric pow*s;9vyk7m5y-:/ xkxkr r 6 yaiwvo5wy er. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric r-6fed 7d 8muxdn;3aqqz/8os power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electrnh8eve:1x dkyhpy,ub k2n93/ 8pewd,ic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates betwe3 )aq:g0n6ov l2wfuk ov0:qsten $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible forv5gopnnt4/ 3cv7q,nn an engine operating between 75nqv3,t gc4o n/vpnn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35-ubf h0s sx-l/.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reserv/lu- 0fhx-s bsoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operatzcefl260ui 6q ing between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes hea/:r2f8y n:oftdzv: rat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required inyrrn t:/fzvdf o2 8::a each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat froz5 twvfdqw:gsltm+:p 8+8 dp7m the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is tt5zw+ vqpswp+mt d8:d87g: flhe coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absu*;wpg h m4xd5av wp9t mc3/acakk-* 0orbs 230 J of heat from the frechpmgux 3ck;a4*-aptww5v k / a9*dm0 ezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in enz.jjl/*d o) ectropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in r 3b8cyl 7uqx/-jxj-nentropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at +vairt-4( euxlg07wv u sw67bSTP undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes v 7ra0i6w b(-usgu 7 vle+tx4wby
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at iy6) rly-nnq no6*d;g$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.